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. 2024 Aug 19;13(16):4891. doi: 10.3390/jcm13164891

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Spinal pathology due to osteoporosis. (A) Bone densitometry scan (DEXA) demonstrating a postmenopausal woman with osteoporosis of the lumbar spine, defined as a T-score (comparison with healthy adults) less −2.5 and a Z-score (comparison with similar peer group) less than −1.5, Green is normal bone density, yellow is low bone mass, and red is osteoporosis. (B) Acute vertebral compression fractures (yellow arrows). (C) Hardware failure with pedicle screw loosening, osteolysis, and migration. (D) Interbody cage subsidence, nonunion, and resultant spondylolisthesis.