Table 1.

Supported evidence of curcumin usage.

Uses	Formulation	Type of Study	Spectrum	Results	Ref.
Gingivitis	CUR mouthwash (0.06%, 0.1%, 1%, 20%)	Systematic review	-	Curcumin mouthwash is a safer alternative than CHX with fewer side effects in the management of plaque reduction and gingivitis.	[36]
Chronic gingivitis	CUR toothpaste	Randomized controlled trial	-	This formulation successfully reduced dental plaque and gingival index even after 2 weeks of use.	[37]
Dental caries	CUR solution	In vitro	S. mutans	Curcumin presented a bacteriostatic effect at 125 µmol/L and reduced biofilm mass at a concentration of 15 µmol/L. These findings indicate its beneficial effect on dental caries prevention.	[38]
Periodontitis	CUR gel	Clinical trial	-	Treatment with scaling and root planing, followed by application of the gel containing 10 mg of curcumin, was administered for 5 min, once daily, for 1 month, resulting in a decrease in IL-1β and TNF-α levels. Additionally, improvements in Zn, Mg, and Cu levels were observed, making curcumin a promising candidate for periodontitis treatment.	[39]
Oral candidiasis	Topic CUR nanoparticles (NP)	In vivo	C. albicans	Treatment with CUR NP was followed for 10 days with 2 applications daily. It exhibited a bacteriostatic effect at 64 µg/mL. It improved oral lesions after 5 days, and by the 10th day, its effect was comparable to nystatin in rat models.	[40]
Oral mucositis (OM)	10 mg/g CUR gel	Controlled trial	-	After 2 weeks of treatment, significant improvements were observed in erythema, ulcer size, and pain levels, with noticeable results evident after just one week.	[41]
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis	1% CUR nanomicelle gel, 2% CUR gel	Randomized clinical trial	-	The treatment was administered for one week with three daily applications. Both formulations showed improvement in pain score and lesion size after one week. However, the 1% CUR nanomicelle gel was more effective, showing visible results even after 4 days.	[19]