Figure 11.

Preparative Reverse Phase HPLC Fractionation of the Skm ethanol extract into 10 fractions (F1 to F10 (a)) and sub-fractions (F3a to F3n (b), F4a to F4c (c), F5a to F5m (d)). The fractionation process utilized a carefully designed eluants gradient to optimize resolution for the purification of peaks (410 nm). All fractions were tested for phototoxicity under white light against S. aureus to continue the bioguided fractionation. Out of the 10 primary fractions collected, F3, F4, and F5 demonstrated phototoxic effects on S. aureus and were thus selected for a subsequent sub-fractionation.