Table 3.
Metabolite predictors of colorectal cancer derived across all platforms and prediction algorithms, and sensitivity analyses, along with class and function 1.
| Metabolite | Class | Function/Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| 2-Hydroxyglutarate | Hydroxy acid | TCA intermediate; inhibitor of alpha-keto dehydrogenases, including histone demethylases; considered an oncometabolite |
| N-Acetyl-glycine | Alpha amino acid | Lipid signaling mediator |
| Taurine | Sulfur-containing amino acid |
Metabolism of fats, bile acids |
| Threonine | Amino acid | Metabolism of fats |
| TAG (53:2/FA18:1) | Triglyceride | Fat storage; energy |
| LPC (FA20:3) | Lysophosphatidyl choline | Cholesterol metabolism |
| CE (FA20) | Cholesteryl ester | Cholesterol metabolism |
| Acetate | Short chain fatty acid | Microbial metabolite; acetylation reactions, energy metabolism |
| Glycerate | Sugar acid | Generation of ATP |
| Adenosine | Nucleoside | Energy transfer, component of RNA/DNA |
| Hypoxanthine | Purine | Metabolism of adenosine |
| Uracil | Nucleic acid | Component of RNA |
| 7-Methylguanine | Purine | Component of RNA/DNA; potential biomarker of chicken |
| Histidine | Amino acid | Protein synthesis, histamine and carnosine biosynthesis, scavenger of ROS |
| Leucic acid | Hydroxy fatty acid | Leucine (branched-chain amino acid) metabolite; accelerates lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress |
| Isoleucine | Branched-chain amino acid | Protein metabolism, hemoglobin production, glucose control, immunity |
| N-Acetyl-glutamate | Alpha amino acid | Involved in the urea cycle |
| Allantoin | Imidazoles | Microbial metabolite; uric acid metabolite; found in dairy |
| N-Acetyl-neuraminate | Amino sugar | Component of glycoproteins and mucins involved in immunity |
| Hydroxyproline | Amino acid | Component of collagen; biomarker of meat |
| Myo-inositol | Sugar alcohol | Component of phosphatidylinositol; increases insulin sensitivity; biomarker of whole grains |
| Trimethylamine-N-oxide | Amine oxide | Microbial metabolite formed from choline, betaine, and carnitine; associated with cardiovascular disease; biomarker of fish and red meat |
1 Class and function ascertained from PubChem or Human Metabolome Database; unnamed metabolites not included. TAG: triacylglyceride; LPC: lysophosphatidyl choline; CE: cholesterol ester.