Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of populations with and without atrial fibrillation.
| Population ≥ 18 Years | Population ≥ 50 Years | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With AF | Without AF | p | With AF | Without AF | p | Cohen’s d (95% CI) |
|||||
| No. | Mean (SD) | No. | Mean (SD) | No. | Mean (SD) | No. | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Age (yr) | 250 | 76.6 (11.5) | 6338 | 54.3 (17.2) | <0.001 | 245 | 77.3 (10.7) | 3667 | 66.3 (10.8) | <0.001 | 1.0 (0.9; 1.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 250 | 29.5 (5.4) | 6338 | 27.4 (5.1) | <0.001 | 245 | 29.4 (5.4) | 3667 | 28.5 (4.9) | 0.006 | 0.2 (0.1; 0.3) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 250 | 100.2 (13.6) | 6338 | 93.1 (14.0) | <0.001 | 245 | 100.1 (13.5) | 3667 | 96.7 (13.0) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.1; 0.4) |
| WHtR | 250 | 0.62 (0.09) | 6338 | 0.57 (0.09) | <0.001 | 245 | 0.63 (0.09) | 3667 | 0.60 (0.08) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.2; 0.5) |
| Adiposity CUN-BAE (%) | 250 | 39.5 (8.0) | 6338 | 34.6 (8.6) | <0.001 | 245 | 39.6 (7.9) | 3667 | 37.3 (7.8) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.2; 0.4) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 250 | 126.2 (15.3) | 6338 | 121.8 (15.4) | <0.001 | 245 | 126.3 (15.3) | 3667 | 126.5 (14.7) | 0.837 | 0.0 (0.1; −0.1) |
| DBP (mmHg) | 250 | 72.5 (8.9) | 6338 | 73.4 (9.8) | 0.178 | 245 | 72.5 (8.9) | 3667 | 75.0 (9.3) | <0.001 | −0.3 (−0.4; −0.1) |
| FPG (mg/dL) a | 250 | 104.0 (29.3) | 6338 | 95.7 (25.8) | <0.001 | 245 | 104.5 (29.4) | 3667 | 101.9 (28.4) | 0.175 | 0.1 (0.0; −0.2) |
| HbA1c (%) b | 224 | 6.02 (0.95) | 5009 | 5.62 (0.89) | <0.001 | 219 | 6.04 (0.95) | 3060 | 5.85 (0.96) | 0.006 | 0.2 (0.1; 0.3) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) c | 250 | 177.4 (41.6) | 6338 | 193.4 (39.1) | <0.001 | 245 | 176.8 (41.2) | 3667 | 197.5 (38.8) | <0.001 | −0.5 (−0.7; −0.4) |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) c | 250 | 52.0 (16.0) | 6338 | 54.9 (14.6) | 0.002 | 245 | 52.1 (16.1) | 3667 | 55.1 (14.8) | 0.002 | −0.2 (−0.3; −0.1) |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) c | 247 | 100.2 (35.2) | 6279 | 114.7 (34.4) | <0.001 | 243 | 99.9 (35.0) | 3636 | 117.4 (34.4) | <0.001 | −0.5 (−0.6; −0.4) |
| Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) c | 250 | 125.4 (38.7) | 6338 | 138.4 (38.3) | <0.001 | 245 | 124.7 (38.1) | 3667 | 142.5 (36.9) | <0.001 | −0.5 (−0.6; −0.3) |
| TG (mg/dL) d | 250 | 124.9 (68.3) | 6338 | 120.3 (83.7) | 0.401 | 245 | 123.3 (65.7) | 3667 | 127.1 (75.9) | 0.451 | −0.1 (−0.2; 0.1) |
| Non-HDL-C/HDL-C | 250 | 2.63 (1.11) | 6338 | 2.72 (1.13) | 0.193 | 245 | 2.61 (1.10) | 3667 | 2.78 (1.07) | 0.015 | −0.2 (−0.3; 0.0) |
| TG/HDL-C | 250 | 2.77 (2.03) | 6338 | 2.52 (2.57) | 0.124 | 245 | 2.74 (2.00) | 3667 | 2.64 (2.28) | 0.526 | 0.1 (−0.1; 0.2) |
| SUA (mg/dL) e | 245 | 5.57 (1.69) | 6244 | 4.94 (1.47) | <0.001 | 240 | 5.60 (1.67) | 3619 | 5.14 (1.47) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.2; 0.4) |
| AST (U/L) | 183 | 22.9 (8.7) | 4638 | 23.1 (43.9) | 0.951 | 178 | 22.8 (8.4) | 2674 | 23.7 (42.1) | 0.785 | −0.1 (−0.3; 0.0) |
| ALT (U/L) | 244 | 23.0 (14.1) | 6178 | 24.9 (17.0) | 0.074 | 239 | 22.5 (13.1) | 3568 | 25.0 (16.0) | 0.018 | −0.2 (−0.3; 0.0) |
| GGT (U/L) | 236 | 45.9 (54.1) | 5872 | 32.9 (50.6) | <0.001 | 231 | 45.5 (53.1) | 3393 | 36.1 (44.9) | 0.002 | 0.2 (0.1; 0.3) |
| Fatty liver index | 236 | 59.6 (27.6) | 5872 | 44.5 (30.5) | <0.001 | 231 | 59.4 (27.6) | 3393 | 52.5 (28.4) | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.1; 0.4) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) f | 250 | 0.96 (0.32) | 6338 | 0.84 (0.29) | <0.001 | 245 | 0.97 (0.32) | 3667 | 0.86 (0.32) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.2; 0.5) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 250 | 69.3 (20.3) | 6338 | 91.4 (20.1) | <0.001 | 245 | 68.5 (19.8) | 3667 | 82.2 (17.6) | <0.001 | −0.8 (−0.9; −0.6) |
| uACR (mg/g) g | 250 | 46.2 (124.7) | 6338 | 15.2 (56.1) | <0.001 | 245 | 47.0 (125.8) | 3667 | 19.1 (67.8) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.3; 0.5) |
SD: standard deviation; p: p-value of the difference in means. Cohen’s d: standardised mean difference (effect size according to d: 0.2 small; 0.5 medium; 0.8 large); CI: confidence interval; AF: atrial fibrillation; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CUN-BAE: according to its acronym in Spanish, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra—Body Adiposity Estimator; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SUA: serum uric acid; TG: triglyceride; uACR: urine albumin–creatinine ratio; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio. The definitions of the cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic factors, comorbidities, or clinical conditions are shown in Table S1 (Supplementary Materials). a To convert from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.05556; b to convert from % (DCCT) to mmol/mol (IFCC), subtract 2.15 and multiply by 10.929; c to convert from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.02586, d to convert from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.01129; e to convert from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.05948; f to convert from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.08842; g to convert from mg/g to mg/mmol, multiply by 0.01131.