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. 2024 Aug 20;12(8):1713. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12081713

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effect of IVs on microglia and astrocytes. The cell responses of microglia after IVs infection indicate an increase in MHC-I, MHC-II, and F4/80, accompanied by a pro-inflammatory profile and the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, and IL-1β. There is also an increase in IFN-γ, IFN-β and OPN levels. The cell responses of astrocytes after IVs infection are characterized by an increase in the expression of caspase-3 and Bax, leading to an increase in apoptosis. It also shows a pro-inflammatory profile with increased IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, IFN-β and TNF-α. There is also an increase in the expression of IVs receptors SA-α 2,3-Gal and SA-α 2,6-Gal. (Created with Biorender; Agreement number #HF26KDBRMQ).