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. 2024 Aug 20;12(8):1713. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12081713

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of B19V and HBoV1 on microglia and astrocytes. It is unknown how parvoviruses interact with microglia and astrocytes, and different cytokines may be produced (interrogation points). It has been described that B19V-positive astrocytes increase after infection. Neurological sequelae associated with human parvoviruses include seizures, encephalopathy, encephalitis, convulsions, meningitis, stroke, neuropathy, and cognitive issues; however, it is unknown how B19V and HBoV1 cause these effects. (Created with Biorender; Agreement number #UN26KDEMUO).