Table 1.
Household and personal characteristics in the Kolkata, India GEMS site.
| Cases (SD) N = 1461 | Controls (SD) N = 1944 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Characteristics | ||||
| Sex | Female | 634 (43.30) | 827 (43.20) | |
| Child breastfed at baseline | Yes | 1230 (83.90) | 1423 (74.31) | |
| Age (months)-Mean (SD) | 16.14 (11.76) | 20.22 (13.73) | ||
| HAZ at baseline Mean (SD) | −1.34 (1.16) | −1.33 (1.14) | ||
| Demographic and SES characterstics | ||||
| Caretaker education | Less than primary school | 411 (28.10) | 460 (24) | |
| Primary school or above | 1055 (72) | 1458 (76.1) | ||
| Children under five | <1 | 874 (59.60) | 1208 (63.1) | |
| ≥2 | 592 (40.30) | 708 (36.9) | ||
| Floor | Earth, sand, dung | 86 (5.82) | 64 (3.31) | |
| Tile, cement or wood | 1380 (94.18) | 1852 (96.69) | ||
| Refrigerator | Yes | 138 (9.43) | 229 (11.98) | |
| Sanitation and feces disposal | ||||
| Sanitation | Unimproved (Traditional pit toilet) | 84 (5.60) | 78 (4.1) | |
| Improved (Flush or water seal latrine) | 1382 (94.30) | 1838 (95.8) | ||
| Child faeces disposal | Unsafe (Disposed in the environment) | 1194 (81.50) | 1439 (75.2) | |
| Safe (Toilet, latrine) | 272 (18.50) | 477 (25) | ||
| Water | ||||
| Water source | Unimproved (public tab, tube well) | 485 (33.10) | 701 (36.64) | |
| Improved (yard or pumped into house) | 981 (66.90) | 1215 (63.66) | ||
| Child given stored water | Yes | 1349 (93.30) | 1827 (95.4) | |
| Drinking water treated | Yes | 645 (44) | 747 (39) | |
| Handwashing | ||||
| Handwash before cooking | Yes | 1108 (75.60) | 1449 (75.64) | |
| Handwash after defecating | Yes | 1117 (76.20) | 1476 (77.06) | |
| Handwash before handing child | Yes | 796 (54.31) | 1178 (61.52) | |
| Handwash before nursing | Yes | 1114 (76.00) | 1469 (76.7) | |
| Wash with soap | Yes | 773 (52.76) | 1086 (56.71) | |
| Animals in the compound | ||||
| Dog | Yes | 1142 (77.93) | 1758 (91.8) | |
| Goat | Yes | 187 (12.95) | 348 (18.17) | |
| Fowl | Yes | 628 (42.86) | 872 (45.53) | |
Unimproved water sources include public tap, deep or shallow tube well (0 if none, 1 if one source reported). Improved water source included water piped into house (no = 0, yes = 1).