Table 4.

Multivariable Adjusted Hazard Ratios (and 95% Confidence Intervals) for Incident Pancreatic Cancer among those with and without Diabetes

	Diabetes HR (95% CI)	Without diabetes HR (95% CI)
Diabetes duration		-----------------------
No diabetes	---------------------------	------------------------
0 -< 5 years	Ref	-------------------------
5 - <10 years	1.75 (1.01–3.03)	-------------------------
≥ 10 years	0.93 (0.52–1.66)	-------------------------
Sex, women	0.88 (0.54–1.46)	0.78 (0.56–1.06)
Race
White	Ref	Ref
African American	1.32 (0.77–2.26)	1.37 (0.97–1.93)
Other races	0.40 (0.05–3.00)	1.30 (0.59–2.87)
Antihyperglycemic medications
None	Ref	----------------------
Insulin alone	1.13 (0.57–2.25)	----------------------
Metformin alone	0.68 (0.20–2.32)	----------------------
Insulin or metformin plus one other anti-hyperglycemic medication	0.53 (0.22–1.29)	-----------------------
Antihyperglycemic medication other than insulin or metformin	0.81 (0.46–1.43)	-------------------------
Family history of pancreatic cancer	2.45 (0.77–7.86)	0.38 (0.05–2.69)
BMI category
Normal weight	Ref	Ref
Underweight	6.39 (1.33–30.64)	2.66 (1.27–5.59)
Overweight	1.14 (0.50–2.57)	0.89 (0.62–1.28)
Obese class 1	1.07 (0.47–2.44)	0.50 (0.30–0.83)
Obese class 2+	1.10 (0.49–2.49)	0.95 (0.61–1.50)
History of high cholesterol
None	Ref	Ref
Treated	0.68 (0.41–1.13)	0.81 (0.52–1.26)
Not treated	0.77 (0.39–1.50)	0.96 (0.63–1.47)
Smoking pack years*	1.20 (1.04–1.39)	1.13 (1.02–1.25)
Alcohol consumption*	0.80 (0.46–1.37)	0.98 (0.80–1.20)
Physical activity*	0.99 (0.78–1.26)	0.88 (0.76–1.02)
Less than high school graduate	0.83 (0.50–1.36)	1.21 (0.87–1.67)
Annual household income <$15,000	0.80 (0.50–1.30)	1.04 (0.76–1.45)
Insurance coverage	0.61 (0.37–1.01)	1.17 (0.84–1.62)

^*Natural logarithmically transformed after the addition of 1 to each value.

The table includes all variables included in the multivariable adjusted analyses. Age was used as the time scale in these Cox regression analyses.