(A) Crawling probabilities of larvae with the activation of SS04185-expressing neurons. Error bars, 95% confidence interval. Genotypes: 20xUAS-IVS-CsChrimson::mVenus/+;; (black); 20xUAS-IVS-CsChrimson::mVenus/+; R54B01-Gal4.AD/+; R46E07-Gal4.DBD/+ (red). Genotypes in (B–D) are the same as shown here. n = 308, 172. Statistics: Chi-square test, χ2 = 2.32, p > 0.05. (B) Turning probabilities of larvae with activation of SS04185-expressing neurons. Error bars, 95% confidence interval. n = 308, 172. Statistics: Chi-square test, χ2 = 1.77, p > 0.05. (C) Hunching probabilities of larvae with activation of SS04185-expressing neurons. Error bars, 95% confidence interval. n = 308, 172. Statistics: Chi-square test, χ2 = 0.35, p > 0.05. (D) Stopping probabilities of larvae with activation of SS04185-expressing neurons. Error bars, 95% confidence interval. n = 308, 172. Statistics: Chi-square test, χ2 = 3.97, p = 0.046. (E) A violin plot of total time spent rolling for each individual larva during stimulation. Statistics: Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.001, n = 225, 89. (F) Time series of crawling probabilities of SS04185 and Basin co-activation larvae (green) and Basin activation only larvae (black). Shaded areas show 95% confidential intervals of the crawling probabilities. Dashed lines display the window of optogenetic stimulation. Genotypes: 20xUAS-IVS-CsChrimson::mVenus/+; +; R72F11-Gal4/+ (control); 20xUAS-IVS-CsChrimson::mVenus/+; R54B01-Gal4.AD/+; R46E07-Gal4.DBD/R72F11-Gal4 (SS04185). Genotypes in (G–H) are the same as mentioned here. n = 228, 124. (G) A violin plot of interval between first roll and next crawl. Statistics: Mann–Whitney U test, p > 0.05, n = 151, 74. (H) Crawling probabilities of SS04185 and Basin co-activation larvae (red) and Basin activation only larvae (black). Error bars, 95% confidence interval. n = 228, 124. Statistics: Chi-square test, χ2 = 28.36, p < 0.001. (I) A violin plot of crawling speed ratio of larvae with null, SS04185 neuron, Basin, SS04185 neuron and Basin activation (from left to right). Crawling speed ratio = crawling speed 5–10 s after stimulation onset/crawling speed 0–5 s before stimulation onset. Statistics: Kruskal–Wallis test: H = 144, p < 0.001; Bonferroni-corrected Mann–Whitney U test: p > 0.05 for two groups on the left and two groups on the right. n = 308, 172, 227, 124. Genotypes from left to right: (1) 20xUAS-IVS-CsChrimson::mVenus/+;;; (2) 20xUAS-IVS-CsChrimson::mVenus/+; R54B01-Gal4.AD/+; R46E07-Gal4.DBD/+; (3) 20xUAS-IVS-CsChrimson::mVenus/+;; R72F11-Gal4/+; (4) 20xUAS-IVS-CsChrimson::mVenus/+; R54B01-Gal4.AD/+; R46E07-Gal4.DBD/R72F11-Gal4. ***p < 0.001.