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. 2024 Aug 15;16(16):2721. doi: 10.3390/nu16162721

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Effects of curcumin on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in different signaling pathways. Curcumin can upregulate sirtuin (SIRT), Ketch-like ECH-associated protein 1, nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Keap1-Nrf2), and Wnt/β catenin pathways, and inhibit nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κβ). The results of the stimulation and inhibition of these pathways is the modulation of lipid peroxidation, oxygen consumption, aconitase and antioxidant enzyme modulation, and ATP production in mitochondria. Moreover, curcumin is related to the upregulation of the synthesis of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduction of malonaldehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The results of curcumin effects are improvements in cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic diseases. Furthermore, there is a reduction in frailty, sarcopenia, and brain disorders. ↓: decrease; ↑: increase.