Table 2.
Sociodemographic characteristics and cotinine test results based on saliva analysis among students in public universities in Coastal Kenya between 2018 and 2019.
| All students (N = 380) | Cotinine test status | P value∗ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative (n = 268) | Positive (n = 112) | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 278 (73) | 185 (69) | 93 (83) | 0.005 |
| Female | 102 (27) | 83 (31) | 19 (17) | |
|
| ||||
| Age in years | ||||
| 18 to 21 | 129 (34) | 90 (33) | 39 (35) | 0.71 |
| 22 to 24 | 154 (41) | 112 (42) | 42 (37) | |
| ≥25 | 97 (26) | 66 (25) | 31 (28) | |
|
| ||||
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 340 (89) | 245 (91) | 95 (85) | 0.01 |
| Married | 24 (6.3) | 17 (6.3) | 7 (6.3) | |
| Separated | 16 (4.2) | 6 (2.2) | 10 (8.9) | |
|
| ||||
| Religion | ||||
| Islam | 132 (35) | 87 (32) | 45 (40) | 0.35 |
| Christianity | 237 (62) | 173 (65) | 64 (57) | |
| Others | 11 (2.9) | 8 (3.0) | 3 (2.7) | |
|
| ||||
| Education level | ||||
| Diploma | 119 (31) | 93 (35) | 26 (23) | 0.07 |
| Degree | 242 (64) | 161 (60) | 81 (72) | |
| Postgraduate | 19 (5.0) | 14 (5.2) | 5 (4.5) | |
|
| ||||
| Year of study | ||||
| 1st | 64 (17) | 44 (16) | 20 (18) | <0.001 |
| 2nd | 193 (51) | 149 (56) | 44 (39) | |
| 3rd | 87 (23) | 61 (23) | 26 (23) | |
| 4th and above | 36 (9.5) | 14 (5.2) | 22 (20) | |
|
| ||||
| Semester of the year | ||||
| Semester 1 | 200 (53) | 133 (50) | 67 (60) | 0.07 |
| Semester 2 | 180 (47) | 135 (50) | 45 (40) | |
|
| ||||
| Course enrolled | ||||
| Business | 132 (35) | 102 (38) | 30 (27) | 0.34 |
| Engineering | 52 (14) | 35 (13) | 17 (15) | |
| Applied sciences | 56 (15) | 38 (14) | 18 (16) | |
| Computer science | 81 (21) | 54 (20) | 27 (24) | |
| Social sciences | 59 (16) | 39 (15) | 20 (18) | |
|
| ||||
| Pocket money per month (US$) | ||||
| <630 | 119 (31) | 89 (33) | 30 (27) | 0.12 |
| 630 to 1260 | 160 (42) | 117 (44) | 43 (38) | |
| 1260 to 1890 | 77 (20) | 48 (20) | 29 (26) | |
| >1890 | 24 (6.3) | 14 (5.2) | 10 (8.9) | |
|
| ||||
| Recruiting university | ||||
| TUM | 220 (58) | 142 (53) | 78 (70) | 0.003 |
| MOI | 60 (16) | 52 (19) | 8 (7.1) | |
| KU | 100 (26) | 74 (28) | 26 (23) | |
∗ P values from chi-square/Fisher's exact test; all results are expressed as frequency and proportion; US dollar exchange rate was KES 125.9353 per one US dollar in January to February 2023 (https://www.centralbank.go.ke/rates/forex-exchange-rates/).