Table 4.
Univariate and multivariable analysis of factors associated with cotinine positive among students in public universities in Coastal Kenya between 2018 and 2019.
| Cotinine positive (N = 112) | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude risk ratio (CRR) | P value | Adjusted risk ratio (aRR) | P value | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 93 (83) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Female | 19 (17) | 0.56 (0.17–1.85) | 0.34 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Age in years | |||||
| 18 to 21 | 39 (35) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| 22 to 24 | 42 (38) | 0.90 (0.57–1.44) | 0.67 | ¶ | |
| ≥25 | 31 (28) | 1.06 (0.58–1.92) | 0.86 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 95 (85) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Married | 7 (6.3) | 1.04 (0.37–2.93) | 0.94 | 1.03 (0.41–2.57) | 0.95 |
| Separated | 10 (8.9) | 2.24 (1.54–3.24) | <0.001 | 2.06 (1.45–2.94) | <0.001 |
|
| |||||
| Religion | |||||
| Islam | 45 (40) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Christianity | 64 (57) | 0.79 (0.47–1.33) | 0.38 | ¶ | |
| Others | 3 (2.7) | 0.80 (0.76–0.84) | <0.001 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Education level | |||||
| Diploma | 26 (23) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Degree | 81 (72) | 1.53 (1.32–1.78) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.10–1.58) | 0.003 |
| Postgraduate | 5 (4.5) | 1.20 (0.65–2.23) | 0.55 | 1.17 (0.63–2.18) | 0.63 |
|
| |||||
| Year of study | |||||
| 1st | 20 (18) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2nd | 44 (39) | 0.73 (0.56–0.95) | 0.02 | 0.68 (0.45–1.04) | 0.08 |
| 3rd | 26 (23) | 0.96 (0.69–1.33) | 0.79 | 0.82 (0.68–0.98) | 0.03 |
| 4th and above | 22 (20) | 1.96 (1.42–2.70) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.22–2.33) | 0.002 |
|
| |||||
| Semester of the year | |||||
| Semester 1 | 67 (60) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Semester 2 | 45 (40) | 0.75 (0.59–0.94) | 0.01 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Course enrolled | |||||
| Business studies | 30 (27) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Engineering | 17 (15) | 1.44 (0.99–2.09) | 0.06 | ¶ | |
| Applied and health sciences | 18 (16) | 1.41 (0.82–2.44) | 0.21 | ¶ | |
| Computer sciences | 27 (24) | 1.47 (0.47–4.56) | 0.51 | ¶ | |
| Social sciences | 20 (18) | 1.49 (0.53–4.23) | 0.45 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Stipend per month (US$) | |||||
| <630 | 30 (27) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| 630 to 1260 | 43 (38) | 1.07 (0.79–1.44) | 0.68 | ¶ | |
| 1260 to 1890 | 29 (26) | 1.49 (1.14–1.96) | 0.004 | ¶ | |
| >1890 | 10 (8.9) | 1.65 (0.85–3.21) | 0.14 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Do you know what is shisha? | |||||
| No | 25 (22) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 87 (78) | 1.83 (1.17–2.86) | 0.008 | 1.84 (1.18–2.87) | 0.007 |
|
| |||||
| Do you know what it contains? | |||||
| No | 66 (59) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Yes | 26 (23) | 1.60 (1.08–2.37) | 0.02 | ¶ | |
| Not sure | 20 (18) | 1.03 (0.60–1.77) | 0.91 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Do you know the effects of shisha? | |||||
| No | 36 (32) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Yes | 76 (68) | 1.45 (0.84–2.51) | 0.18 | ¶ | |
¶;variables not selected for inclusion in the multivariable regression model, risk ratios from a log-binomial regression models, US dollars exchange rate was KES 125.9353 per one US dollar in January to February 2023 (https://www.centralbank.go.ke/rates/forex-exchange-rates/). Statistical significance at α < 0.05.