Table 5.
Univariate and multivariable analysis of factors associated with reported shisha use by students in public universities in Coastal Kenya between 2018 and 2019.
| Shisha use (N = 306) | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude risk ratio (CRR) | P value | Adjusted risk ratio (aRR) | P value | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 228 (75) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Female | 78 (25) | 0.93 (0.68–1.29) | 0.67 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Age in years | |||||
| 18 to 21 | 117 (38) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| 22 to 24 | 122 (40) | 0.87 (0.63–1.21) | 0.41 | ¶ | |
| ≥25 | 67 (22) | 0.76 (0.53–1.10) | 0.15 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 269 (88) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Married | 23 (7.5) | 1.21 (1.03–1.42) | 0.02 | 1.29 (1.07–1.57) | 0.009 |
| Separated | 14 (4.6) | 1.11 (0.86–1.42) | 0.43 | 1.04 (0.84–1.30) | 0.70 |
|
| |||||
| Religion | |||||
| Islam | 119 (39) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Christianity | 176 (58) | 0.82 (0.63–1.07) | 0.15 | 0.82 (0.65–1.02) | 0.07 |
| Others | 11 (3.6) | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.04–1.11) | <0.001 |
|
| |||||
| Education level | |||||
| Diploma | 94 (31) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Degree | 199 (65) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 0.39 | ¶ | |
| Postgraduate | 13 (4.3) | 0.87 (0.61–1.23) | 0.42 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Year of study | |||||
| 1st | 60 (20) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.29 | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 0.002 |
| 2nd | 150 (49) | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 0.003 |
| 3rd | 63 (21) | 0.79 (0.65–0.96) | 0.02 | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) | 0.004 |
| 4th and above | 33 (11) | Reference | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Semester of the year | |||||
| Semester 1 | 160 (52) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Semester 2 | 146 (48) | 1.01 (0.82–1.26) | 0.90 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Course enrolled | |||||
| Business studies | 98 (32) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Engineering | 50 (16) | 1.30 (0.99–1.70) | 0.06 | 1.21 (0.99–1.47) | 0.05 |
| Applied and health sciences | 49 (16) | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | 0.21 | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 0.40 |
| Computer sciences | 62 (20) | 1.03 (0.87–1.21) | 0.72 | 1.05 (0.89–1.25) | 0.58 |
| Social sciences | 47 (15) | 1.07 (0.87–1.32) | 0.50 | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) | 0.95 |
|
| |||||
| Stipend per month (US$) | |||||
| <630 | 100 (33) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| 630 to 1260 | 132 (43) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 0.74 | ¶ | |
| 1260 to 1890 | 57 (19) | 0.88 (0.69–1.12) | 0.30 | ¶ | |
| >1890 | 17 (5.6) | 0.84 (0.53–1.35) | 0.48 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Do you know what shisha is? | |||||
| No | 109 (36) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Yes | 197 (64) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.49 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Do you know what it contains? | |||||
| No | 151 (49) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Yes | 90 (29) | 0.95 (0.72–1.24) | 0.69 | ¶ | |
| Not sure | 65 (21) | 0.92 (0.67–1.24) | 0.57 | ¶ | |
|
| |||||
| Do you know the effects of shisha? | |||||
| No | 111 (36) | Reference | ¶ | ||
| Yes | 195 (64) | 1.21 (0.89–1.64) | 0.22 | ¶ | |
¶;variables not selected for inclusion in the multivariable regression model, risk ratios from a log-binomial regression models, US dollars exchange rate was KES 125.9353 per one US dollar in January to February 2023 (https://www.centralbank.go.ke/rates/forex-exchange-rates/).