. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2024 Aug 7;32(9):1689–1698. doi: 10.1002/oby.24104

Table 2.

Time-averaged incremental area under the curve (iAUC) concentrations of gut-derived appetite hormones and leptin in the second week of low carbohydrate (LC) or low fat (LF) diet.

	LC	LF	p value LC vs LF
Active GLP-1 (pg·mL⁻¹)	5.49 ± 0.78	1.85 ± 0.26	0.0001
Total GIP (pg·mL⁻¹)	498 ± 57	263 ± 33	0.0008
PYY (pg·mL⁻¹)	27.3 ± 6.4	12.7 ± 4.0	0.02
Total ghrelin (pg·mL⁻¹)	−78 ± 27	−68 ± 15	0.90
Active ghrelin (pg·mL⁻¹)	−25 ± 16	−5 ± 34	0.50^*
Leptin (ng·mL⁻¹)	−1.3 ± 0.5	1.7 ± 1.1	0.001

Data are mean ± SEM, n=20.

n=19 for this outcome.