Table 1.
Endocrine disruptors and their relationship with diabetes and its complications in clinical studies.
| Year | Title | Study Type | Endocrine disruptors | Biological Sample | Population | Follow-up period | Findings | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matrix | Country | Size | |||||||
| 2019 | Novel insights of elevated systemic levels of bisphenol-A (BPA) linked to poor glycemic control, accelerated cellular senescence and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes | cross-sectional | BPA | Serum | India | 60 | Not available | Levels of BPA were markedly increased and exhibited a positive correlation with inadequate glycemic control and insulin resistance. | (62) |
| 2019 | Exposure to Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Case-Cohort Study in the French Cohort D.E.S.I.R. | case-cohort | BPA and BPS | Urine | French | 755 | 9 years | Positive correlation between exposure to BPA and BPS and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. | (63) |
| 2019 | Exposure to bisphenol A and diabetes risk in Mexican women | case-control | free BPA | Urine | Mexico | 404 | Not available | Positive significant association between urinary free BPA and diabetes | (64) |
| 2020 | Human exposure to bisphenol A through dietary sources and development of diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study in Pakistani population | cross-sectional | BPA | Urine | Pakistan | 400 | Not available | A significant correlation was found between exposure to BPA and risk factors for diabetes mellitus. | (65) |
| 2021 | Association between type 2 diabetes and exposure to chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in Algeria: A case-control study. | case-control | Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants | Plasma | Algeria | 361 | Not available | Environmental exposure to specific persistent organic pollutants is linked to a heightened risk of type 2 diabetes. | (66) |
| 2019 | Exposure to pesticides and the prevalence of diabetes in a rural population in Korea | cross-sectional | Pesticides | Questionnaires | Korea | 2559 | Not available | After adjusting for covariates, there was an association between pesticide exposure and the risk of diabetes. | (67) |
| 2020 | Pesticide exposure and diabetes mellitus in a semi-urban Nepali population: a cross-sectional study. | cross-sectional | Pesticide | Questionnaires | Nepal | 2310 | Not available | No correlation observed between pesticide exposure and diabetes mellitus in the low-exposure population. | (68) |
| 2019 | Metabolite of the pesticide DDT and incident type 2 diabetes in urban India. | nested case-control | Pesticide DDT | Plasma | India | 516 | Not available | No significant association observed between p, p-DDE and type 2 diabetes. | (69) |
| 2023 | Relationships Between Urinary Metals and Diabetes Traits Among Mexican Americans in Starr County, Texas, USA. | cross-sectional | Metal | Urine | America | 414 | Not available | Arsenic, molybdenum, copper, and this specific metal combination are linked to modified glucose homeostasis parameters in non-diabetic individuals. | (34) |
| 2020 | Association between triclocarban and triclosan exposures and the risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2013-2014) | cross-sectional | Triclocarban and triclosan | Urine | America | 900 | Not available | Positive association was identified between triclocarban exposure and type 2 diabetes in women. | (33) |
| 2020 | Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor binding and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). | longitudinal Study | Persistent organic pollutants | Serum | Brazil | 543 | 2 years | Elevated aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand-induced luciferase bioactivity and reduced intracellular ATP content in serum-incubated samples were correlated with the onset of diabetes. | (70) |
| 2019 | Dietary exposure to brominated flame retardants and risk of type 2 diabetes in the French E3N cohort | prospective cohort | Brominated flame retardants | Food | French | 71,415 | 19 years | There was a correlation between dietary exposure to brominated flame retardants and the risk of type 2 diabetes. | (71) |
| 2023 | Exposure to novel brominated and organophosphate flame retardants and associations with type 2 diabetes in East China: A case-control study | case-control | Novel brominated and organophosphate flame retardants | Serum | China | 344 | Not available | Exposure to emerging brominated and organophosphate flame retardants may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. | (32) |
| 2019 | Perfluoroalkyl substances and risk of type II diabetes: A prospective nested case-control study | nested case-control | Perfluoroalkyl substances | Plasma | Sweden | 248 | 10 years | A general inverse association was observed between Perfluoroalkyl substances and the risk of type 2 diabetes. | (72) |
| 2021 | Associations of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A, and parabens with obesity and diabetes mellitus in a Korean adult population: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015–2017 | cross-sectional | Phthalate metabolites, BPA, and parabens | Urine | Korea | 3782 | Not available | Elevated urinary concentrations of ethyl paraben and BPA are linked to diabetes mellitus. | (73) |
| 2020 | Historical exposure to non-persistent environmental pollutants and risk of type 2 diabetes in a Spanish sub-cohort from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study | cohort | Non-persistent environmental pollutants | Serum | Spain | 670 | 23 years | Individuals in the propyl paraben quartile (0.53-9.24 ng/ml) exhibited a statistically significant elevated risk of type 2 diabetes. | (35) |
| 2019 | Association between urinary parabens and gestational diabetes mellitus across prepregnancy body mass index categories. | cross-sectional | Parabens | Urine | China | 696 | Not available | Moderate levels of propyl paraben and paraben-estrogen activity were significantly linked to a higher prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in overweight or obese pregnant women. | (74) |
| 2019 | Associations of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances With Incident Diabetes and Microvascular Disease | prospective cohort | Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances | Plasma | America | 957 | 15 years | Both Sm 2-perfluoromethylheptane sulfonic acid and N-ethyl perfluoroane sulfonamide acetic acid are linked to diabetic microvascular disease. | (36) |
| 2019 | Bisphenol A, Chlorinated Derivatives of Bisphenol A and Occurrence of Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Nested Case-Control Studies in Two European Cohorts | nested case-control | BPA, Chlorinated Derivatives of BPA | Urine | French and Germany | 292 | Not available | The relationship between urinary concentrations of BPA and chlorinated derivatives of BPA and myocardial infarction events in patients with type 2 diabetes. | (75) |