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. 2024 Aug 29;14:20039. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-65942-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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(a,b) Predicted and observed ground personnel used per fire day by (a) year and across the (b) pre-COVID (2017–2019) and during-COVID (2020–2021) time periods across the western U.S. The black boxplots show the predicted mean ground personnel per fire day and the approximate 95% confidence intervals around the mean for each year. The blue diamonds represent the observed mean, the red triangles represent the observed median ground personnel per fire day, and the gray bars show the observed interquartile range. For the pre- and during-COVID group comparison, the estimated mean ground personnel from the GLMMs was averaged over the respective years.