Table 2.
Intervention and ethnicity data from included studies
| Authors | Age (mean ± SD) | Exercise details | Total sample size | Ethnicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alibhai et al. (2019) |
PT = 69.2 ± 7.3 Group = 71.5 ± 7.2 HOME = 69.6 ± 8.1 |
Three exercise delivery arms: (1) 1:1 supervised training (PT), (2) supervised group training (GROUP), (3) home-based smartphone-assisted training (HOME). 4–5 days per week of mixed modality exercise incorporating AET, RET and flexibility. A relative workload of 60–70% HR reserve was consistent across groups. The intensity was monitored using the 10-point RPE scale | 65 |
White (71.7%) Other (28.3%) |
| Ashton et al. (2021) |
EX = 64.6 ± 6.2 CON = 66.9 ± 6.8 |
Three weekly sessions of resistance band RET. 3 sets of 12–15 reps for 8–10 exercises targeting the major muscle groups. Exercises were performed with 30–60 s interpolated rest intervals until 3 sets of each exercise had been performed. Tapered supervision over the first 3 months | 42 |
White British (97.6%) Other (2.4%) |
| Au et al. (2019) |
EX = 61.4 ± 7.8 CON = 58.4 ± 6.1 |
Individualized, home-based, moderate-intensity AET and RET prescribed. Provided with exercise bands, an exercise mat and a stability ball to complete their program, in addition to a manual detailing their exercise prescription with supporting behaviour change strategies. Information and coaching on pelvic floor exercises to complete prior to surgery targeting earlier recovery of urinary control after surgery | 86 |
White/Caucasian (71.1%) Black/Afro-Caribbean/African (13.2%) Ashkenazi Jewish (2.6%) East and South Asian (7.9%) Arabic (2.6%) Hispanic (2.6%) |
| Ben-Josef et al. (2016) |
Mean (range) 66.4 (51–74) |
Classes were led by a trained instructor and lasted 75 min. A typical session included seated, standing and reclining poses. Yoga poses were modified and included the use of props to facilitate and adapt the poses for each participant. Sessions began with breathing and centring techniques | 15 (45 recruited) |
White (68.9%) Black (24.4%) Asian (6.7%) |
| Brown et al. (2023) | 71 ± 6 | Home-based intervention of progressive, moderate-intensity walking and RET, 2–5 times per week. RET was performed using body mass and dumbbells (or weighted household items depending on dumbbell accessibility). Participants were provided with a pedometer (Digi-Walker, Yamax) to determine step count during exercise, an exercise booklet to log sessions and RPE | 22 (30 recruited) | White (100%) |
| Campo et al. (2014) |
Median (range) EX = 72 (58–90) UC = 73 (61–93) |
The Qigong and non-aerobic stretching (UC) exercise classes were 60 min and held twice a week. Both groups received a DVD of progressive sessions of each intervention. Qigong classes were led by a certified instructor. Sessions began with a 5-min meditative focus on the breath, followed by sitting and standing exercises, and ended with a 5-min meditative focus on the breath. The study progressed with more time spent performing the standing exercises | 40 |
Non-Latino (96.6%) Latino (3.4%) White (93.1%) Non-white (6.9%) |
| Chan et al. (2020) |
Median (IQR) Level 1 = 70 (64–76) Level 2 = 70 (64–75) Level 3 = 70 (64–75) Level 4 = 70 (65–74) Total = 70 (65–75) |
Level 1 (reference group): received general information about exercise and diet and resources Level 2: same as level 1 and a personalised diet and exercise prescription, videos of recommended exercises and a weekly survey to track progress Level 3: same as level 2 and a Fitbit Alta with PA reports, supportive text messages and weekly web-based surveys to track progress Level 4: same as levels 3 and 2 optional 30-min calls with an exercise trainer/registered dietician |
202 |
White (92.6%) Black (2.5%) Asian (1.0%) Other (0.5%) More than one race (2.5%) Decline to answer (1.0%) |
| Dai et al. (2019) |
Median < 1 h per week = 60 1–3 h per week = 59 > 3 h per week = 60 |
Vigorous PA was defined to be any type of leisure time activity that lasts more than 20 min or works up for a sweat in the questionnaire. Data collected on the number of days in a week having vigorous PA in the year pre-diagnosis were analysed. Light and moderate PA data was not collected. Men were grouped into three categories of vigorous PA frequency in this analysis—greater than 3 times a week, 1–3 times a week or < 1 time per week vigorous PA | 1354 |
Caucasian (90.0%) African American (10.0%) |
| Dalla Via et al. (2021) |
EX = 71.4 ± 5.9 CON = 71.1 ± 6.6 |
Two gym-based sessions of AET, 5–6 RET exercises (2 sets, 8–12 reps at mod-hard intensity), three weight-bearing impact exercises (3 sets, 10–20 reps), two challenging balance/functional exercises (2 sets of 30–60 s) and two core stability exercises (2 sets, 10–15 reps). During the first 6 months, two weekly sessions were supervised by an exercise physiologist reduced to one. One weekly home-based session (20–60 min) using body weight and resistance bands. One sachet of a multi-nutrient supplement (powder mixed with 150 mL of water) and a vitamin D tablet was taken daily in addition to regular diet | 70 |
Caucasian (97.2%) Asian (1.4%) African (1.4%) |
| Dawson et al. (2018) |
TRAINPRO AND TRAIN = 68.6 ± 8.4 PRO AND STRETCH = 66.3 ± 9.0 |
TRAINPRO and TRAIN groups performed RET 3 days per week with a trainer. Sessions were ~ 50 min in duration and began with a 5-min warmup. Weekly training volume was divided so each muscle group was trained twice per week. PRO and STRETCH groups performed a home-based flexibility program 3 times per week. Each session matched the stretches performed by the TRAIN and TRAINPRO groups. PRO and STRETCH groups acted as CON and were given a stretching band and booklet detailing the exercises | 35 |
White (54.3%) African American (8.6%) Asian/Pacific Islander (25.7%) Hispanic (11.4%) |
| Evans et al. (2021) | 73.37 ± 6.7 | PA behaviour was measured using the modified Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. The weekly frequencies (longer than 15 min) of vigorous, moderate and light physical activities were weighted and summed to obtain a total score in units | 11 | Caucasian (100%) |
| Fairman et al. (2018) | 68.8 ± 9.07 | 1RM testing for chest press and leg extension after completing a warm-up set of 10–12 reps with roughly 10–20% of body weight, depending on patient characteristics and previous experience. Participants were asked to lift the weight once and to continue to perform single rep lifts with increasing weight, separated by a 3–5-min rest, until a max weight was reached | 77 |
White (92.2%) African American (6.5%) Asian (1.3%) |
| Faithfull et al. (2021) | 68.2 ± 7.4 | Grip strength measured upper body strength. A 30-s chair sit-to-stand time measured lower body strength. CPET pedalling frequency was self-selected within a given range. After a 2-min warm-up against no resistance, the intensity increased to 20–30 Watts/min. Men were encouraged to continue cycling to volitional exhaustion or a plateau in VO2 | 83 |
Caucasian (96.4%) Black British (3.6%) |
| Friedenreich et al. (2016) | Not stated | Interviews on lifetime PA were completed 4.3 ± 1.3 months post-diagnosis. The Lifetime Total Physical Activity Questionnaire was from childhood until diagnosis. Diet was reported for the year pre-diagnosis and height and weight for each decade of 20–60 years. Post-diagnosis PA was measured up to three times per participant using interviews and mail questionnaires | 830 |
White (95.0%) Other (5.0%) |
| Gilbert et al. (2016) |
EX = 70.1 ± 5.3 CON = 70.4 ± 9.2 |
Three sessions per week led by an exercise physiologist, tapering supervision over time. Sessions consisted of AET, RET and balance exercises. AET 30 min at 55–75% of age-predicted max HR or 11–13 RPE using ergometers and treadmills. RET 2–4 sets of 8–12 reps beginning at 60% 1RM. Advice on home exercise was provided. Healthy-eating seminars ~ 20 min delivered biweekly | 50 |
White (94.0%) Asian (4.0%) Black (2.0%) |
| Hébert et al. (2012) |
EX = 69.7 ± 8.8 CON = 71.1 ± 8.1 |
A single session where dietary and PA goals were discussed and set as well as 2.5-h group sessions conducted 3 times a week for the first 3 months. Monthly group booster sessions and progress calls continued for 3 months after. Participants were given daily ‘homework’ assignments that consisted of cooking, PA and stress reduction activities | 60 (47 analysed) |
White/European American (70.2%) Black/African American (29.8%) |
| Jones et al. (2014) |
EX = 58 ± 7 CON = 61 ± 5 |
AET of 72 supervised treadmill walking sessions 3 days a week. The intensity of each session alternated between five different doses of MET expenditure (i.e. VO2peak). The intensity was individualized to each patient based on workload (i.e. treadmill speed/grade) corresponding to a specific percent of VO2peak | 50 |
White (70.0%) Black (26.0%) Asian (4.0%) |
| Langelier et al. (2018) | 65.5 ± 8.5 | Questionnaires assessing demographic information, masculine values, body image, QoL and PA levels. The Godin’s Leisure Score Index of the Godin and Shephard Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire was used to assess current PA levels | 50 |
Non-Hispanic White/Euro American (92.0%) Latino/Hispanic American (4.0%) East Asian/Indian American (2.0%) Middle Eastern/Arab American (2.0%) |
| Nilsen et al. (2018) |
EX = 58 ± 8 CON = 61 ± 5 |
AET of 72 supervised treadmill walking sessions 3 days a week. The intensity of each session alternated between five different doses of MET expenditure (i.e. VO2peak). The intensity was individualized to each patient based on workload (i.e. treadmill speed/grade) corresponding to a specific percent of VO2peak directly measured during the baseline or midpoint CPET | 50 |
White (76.0%) Black (24.0%) Asian (0.0%) |
| Sajid et al. (2016) |
Wii-Fit = 77.5 ± 6.7 EXCAP = 75.7 ± 9.5 CON = 71.8 ± 5 |
EXCAP: AET was walking at 60–70% of HR reserve and 3–5 RPE 5 days a week. Instructed to increase total daily steps by 5% and were encouraged to reach 10,000 steps a day using a pedometer. Progressive RET with bands provided low-moderate intensity 5 days a week and progressed. Wii-Fit: similar to EXCAP with a balance component and pedometer to calculate daily steps. Exercises of increasing intensity were unlocked as patients increased physical performance | 19 |
White (87.5%) African American (12.5%) |
| Santa Mina et al. (2013) |
AET = 70.6 ± 8.1 RET = 73.6 ± 8.8 |
RET group completed 10 exercises targeting major muscle groups using resistance bands, exercise mat and stability ball. Exercised 5 times per week for 60 min. AET exercised at moderate to vigorous intensity (60- 80% HR max) using a HR monitor provided. Exercised 5 times per week for 60 min | 26 | Caucasian (65.4%) |
| Santa Mina et al. (2018) |
EX = 61.2 ± 8.0 CON = 62.2 ± 6.9 |
Exercise prescriptions consisted of 60 min of unsupervised, home-based, moderate-intensity exercise 3–4 days per week. Also received an exercise manual, online videos, RET bands, stability ball, yoga mat and HR monitor. Completed daily pelvic floor muscle exercises. CON received pelvic floor exercises and lifestyle manual | 86 |
White/Caucasian (72.3%) Black/Afro-Caribbean/African (13.3%) Ashkenazi Jewish (1.2%) East and South Asian (4.8%) Southeast Asian (1.2%) Other (6.0%) Missing (1.2%) |
| Stolley et al. (2020) | 64.3 ± 4.0 | Completion of questionnaires on demographics, nutrition, physical activity patterns and QoL. Discussions focused on health behaviour change/needs, interests and preferences of lifestyle intervention. Godin Leisure Physical Activity Index asked about time spent engaged in light, moderate and strenuous PA over the past 7 days and engagement in RET per week | 22 | African American (100.0%) |
| Taaffe et al. (2017) |
ILRT = 68.9 ± 9.1 ART = 69.0 ± 9.3 DEL = 68.4 ± 9.1 |
ILRT: twice weekly supervised sessions of bounding/skipping/drop jumping/hopping/leaping. RET consisted of six exercises targeting major muscle groups. 2–4 sets of each exercise at 6–12RM. Home training twice weekly consisting of 2–4 circuits of skipping/hopping/leaping ART: twice weekly supervised sessions for the first 6 months. AET consisted of 20–30 min at 60–75% of estimated max HR using walking/jogging and stationary ergometers. RET during the initial 6 months was the same as the ILRT group. Encouraged to undertake home-based AET (e.g., walking/cycling) to accumulate 150 min/week. For the second 6 months, patients completed a home-based maintenance program UC/DEL received an information booklet about exercise for the first 6 months, followed by 6 months of twice weekly supervised exercise on a cycle ergometer at ~ 70% max HR and flexibility exercises |
159 | Caucasian (not stated) |
| Trinh et al. (2018) | 73.2 ± 7.3 | A wrist-worn activity tracker providing alerts to stand after prolonged sitting. The intervention consisted of five phases. Phases I-III (weeks 3–6) involved the progressive release of self-regulatory strategies (e.g., action planning) and changes in sitting time and step counts. Phase IV and V (weeks 9–12) received weekly reminders to encourage the use of RiseTx to practice Phases I–III strategies. Participants attempted to increase daily steps by + 1000 step increments above the previous phase | 46 |
White (80.4%) Black (8.7%) South Asian (4.3%) Southeast Asian (2.2%) Other (4.3%) |
| Wang et al. (2017) |
Median (IQR) at diagnosis 71 (67–75) |
Recreational PA per week during the past year was self-reported on the baseline questionnaire and on biennial follow-up questionnaires. METs were assigned to each of the seven activities as follows: 3.5 for walking, 3.5 for dancing, 4.0 for bicycling, 4.5 for aerobics, 6.0 for tennis or racquetball, 7.0 for jogging/running and 7.0 for lap swimming | 7328 pre-diagnosis, 5319 post-diagnosis |
White (97.4%) Black (1.5%) Other/unknown (1.1%) |
| Winters-Stone et al. (2016) |
Prostate cancer patient: EX = 70.6 ± 6.3 CON = 72.9 ± 8.0 Spouse: EX = 66.5 ± 7.2 CON = 69.7 ± 7.7 |
Couples assigned to Exercising Together (EX) attended 1-h group sessions twice a week delivered by an exercise physiologist. 5-min dynamic AET warm-up and 5–10 min stretching cool-down. RET 8–10 exercises with 8–15 reps of an exercise at intensities that progressed from 4 to 15% of body weight in a weighted vest for lower body and from a weight that could be lifted for 15 reps to a heavier weight that could be lifted for 8 reps for upper body exercises using free weights | 62 couples |
Caucasian (92.5%) Non-Hispanic (94.8%) |
| Wolin et al. (2010) |
Mean (range) 61 (39–79) |
Questionnaire on medical history and lifestyle factors including hours spent on vigorous activities (e.g., swimming, brisk walking). Urinary incontinence data were extracted at the first post-op visit at approximately 6 weeks (range 3 to 17) and at 58 weeks (range 50 to 74). Height and weight at surgery were used to calculate BMI | 589 |
White (95.0%) African American (4.0%) Hispanic (1.0%) |
SD standard deviation, EX exercise group, CON control group, AET aerobic exercise training, RET resistance exercise training, HR heart rate, IQR interquartile range, UC usual care group, RPE rating of perceived exertion, reps repetitions, s seconds, min minutes, UC usual care, PA physical activity, 1RM one repetition maximum, CPET cardiopulmonary exercise test, VO2 aerobic capacity, MET metabolic equivalent, QoL quality of life, ILRT impact loading and resistance training, ART aerobic and resistance training, DEL delayed exercise