Table 1.

Empirical equations applicable for the prediction of blast-induced vibrations.

Name of empirical formula	Empirical equations
Duvall and Fogleson (USBM)	$\text{PPV}=\text{K}{\left(\frac{\text{D}}{{\text{Q}}^{1/2}}\right)}^{-\text{b}}$
Ambraseys and Hendron	$\text{PPV}=\text{K}{\left(\frac{\text{D}}{{\text{Q}}^{1/3}}\right)}^{-\text{b}}$
Langefors and Kihlstrom	${\text{PPV}=\text{K}\left(\frac{{\text{D}}^{1/2}}{{\text{Q}}^{3/4}}\right)}^{\text{b}}$
Indian standards	$\text{PPV}=\text{K}{\left(\frac{\text{D}}{{\text{Q}}^{2/3}}\right)}^{\text{b}}$

D is the distance from the blasting face to the monitoring station (m), PPV is the peak particle velocity (mm/s), and Q is the maximum instantaneous charge (kg), whereas k and b are the site constants; each site has its site constants (k and b).