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. 2024 Aug 28;9:155. doi: 10.1038/s41541-024-00946-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Step A: vaccine samples to be analysed are pipetted into a 96-well plate positioned in the INTEGRA Assist Plus. Step B: replicate spots of 1:1 (V/V) premixed sample and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA/HCCA) matrix are pipetted onto the target plates using the Assist Plus robot. Step C: raw spectra are acquired using the MALDI-MS instruments. Step D: data processing of the raw spectra and statistical analysis are performed. MALDI: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation; PLS-DA partial least squares-discriminant analysis. This figure was created using BioRender.com.