Table 1.
Gender-disaggregated analysis and illustrative qualitative evidence.
| Total, N (%) | Women, N (%) | Men, N (%) | Comparison | Illustrative Qualitative Evidence | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 201 (100) | 76 (37.8) | 125 (62.1) | ||
| Depression | |||||
| PHQ-9 mean SD | 9.4 (6.1) | 11.5 (5.8) | 8.2 (6.0) | (t(164) = 3.92, p < 0.001) * |
“Very bad, I couldn’t sleep at all and I couldn’t eat because I only drank water for about one month, two weeks, I only live on water.” Bodymapping with male participant, Grand Gedeh
“I was feeling bad and crying and don’t know what to do.” Bodymapping with male participant, Grand Gedeh |
| Depression Clinical Scores | |||||
| With depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) |
96 (47.8) | 46 (60.5) | 50 (40.0) | ||
| None (0–4) | 49 (24.4) | 10 (13.2) | 39 (31.2) | X2 = 37.831, df = 4, p < 0.001 * | |
| Mild (5–9) | 56 (27.9) | 20 (26.3) | 36 (28.8) | ||
| Moderate (10–14) | 56 (27.9) | 23 (30.3) | 33 (26.4) | ||
| Moderately severe (15–19) | 28 (13.9) | 16 (21.1) | 12 (9.6) | ||
| Severe (20–27) | 12 (6.0) | 7 (9.2) | 5 (4.0) | ||
| Self-harm/Suicidality | 96 (47.8) | 50 (65.8) | 46 (36.8) | (t(173) = 2.68, p = 0.008) * | “I was feeling bad myself and even [at] that time I was having bad plan about myself for me to kill myself because I was feeling too bad. So, I say let me just die one time. It’s not good living here inside.” Bodymapping with male participant with Leprosy, Nimba |
| Anxiety | |||||
| GAD-7 mean, SD | 7.1 (4.9) | 8.6 (5.0) | 6.1 (4.6) | (t(164) = 3.94, p < 0.001) * |
“Sometimes I can be thinking because if I sit down sometimes, I can be thinking too much, especially this sickness business.’’ Social mapping with male participant, Margibi
“You know as a patient sometime when you sick, you can be discouraged. Sometime in the night sleep all you can’t sleep.” IDI with male participant with hydroocele, aged 34, Lofa |
| Anxiety Clinical Scores | |||||
| Moderate anxiety or above (GAD-7 ≥ 10) | 62 (30.8) | 34 (44.7) | 28 (22.4) | ||
| None (0–4) | 74 (36.8) | 21 (27.6) | 53 (42.4) | X2 = 11.462, df = 3, p = 0.009 * | |
| Mild (5–9) | 65 (32.3) | 21 (27.6) | 44 (35.2) | ||
| Moderate (10–14) | 48 (23.9) | 27 (35.5) | 21 (16.8) | ||
| Severe ( >15) | 14 (7.0) | 7 (9.2) | 7 (5.6) | ||
| Stigma | |||||
| Total SARI mean, SD | 22.6 (14.5) | 25.8 (15.8) | 20.5 (13.3) | (t(93.5) = 1.97, p = 0.051) | |
| SARI experienced mean, SD | 7.5 (5.9) | 8.6 (6.3) | 6.9 (5.6) | (t(139) = 1.87, p = 0.064) | “When it is on you most people don’t like to get around you; your friends themselves, some of them don’t like to be around you. So, I have been experiencing all those ones them, since this sickness got on me.” IDI with male participant with hydrocoele, aged 73, Grand Gedeh |
| SARI internalised mean, SD | 5.7 (4.2) | 6.8 (4.6) | 4.9 (3.7) | (t(90.9) = 2.54, p = 0.013) * | “The water was just coming out, myself, I used to be ashamed to go among my friend then. The water used to be so stink.” Bodymapping with male participant with Buruli ulcer, aged 47, Lofa |
| SARI anticipated mean, SD | 4.1 (3.5) | 4.7 (3.7) | 3.6 (3.3) | (t(101) = 1.67, p = 0.097) | “Because whenever I walked, they see my foot they start to laugh at me, so it makes me shy to go anywhere.” Social mapping with male participant, Grand Gedeh |
| Disability | |||||
| WHODAS mean SD | 9.4 (6.1) | 11.5 (5.8) | 8.2 (6.0) | (t(158) = 3.64, p < 0.001) * |
“I can’t stand on my feet so because of that I am not able to walk to go sit down to the town hall.’’ Social mapping with female participant, Lofa
“Yes, as for me, because of my foot business I cannot even go to the market.’’ Social mapping with male participant, Grand Gedeh |
| Disability Category Scores | |||||
| No disability | 18 (8.9) | 3 (3.9) | 15 (12.0) | X2 = 10.752, df = 3, p = 0.013 * | |
| Mild | 102 (50.7) | 33 (43.4) | 69 (55.2) | ||
| Moderate | 60 (29.9) | 30 (39.5) | 30 (24.0) | ||
| Severe | 16 (8.0) | 9 (11.8) | 7 (5.6) |
* Statistically significant p < 0.05 in paired t-test (t) and independence chi squared test (X2).