Table 2.
Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis for identifying factors associated with high immune response.
| Univariate Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p Value | aOR | 95% CI | p Value | |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 1.15 | 0.18–22.4 | 0.899 | 3.43 | 0.31–107 | 0.376 |
| Male sex | 0.36 | 0.13–0.95 | 0.039 | 0.25 | 0.06–0.90 | 0.037 |
| DM or pre-DM | 0.62 | 0.23–1.62 | 0.322 | 0.77 | 0.20–2.90 | 0.691 |
| PPI use * | 1.62 | 0.41–10.8 | 0.544 | 5.08 | 0.75–64.3 | 0.142 |
| Smoking history | 1.05 | 0.25–7.18 | 0.949 | 4.69 | 0.67–57.9 | 0.160 |
| Alcohol history | 0.64 | 0.14–4.55 | 0.600 | 0.43 | 0.05–4.78 | 0.458 |
| Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum # | 0.53 | 0.18–1.43 | 0.226 | 0.81 | 0.20–3.17 | 0.758 |
| Streptococcus parasanguinis # | 0.35 | 0.13–0.92 | 0.035 | 0.14 | 0.03–0.60 | 0.012 |
| Bacteroides stercoris # | 0.45 | 0.15–1.22 | 0.133 | 0.44 | 0.11–1.53 | 0.206 |
| Clostridium leptum # | 6.91 | 1.33–127 | 0.066 | 12.2 | 1.73–273 | 0.036 |
| Haemophilus parainfluenzae # | 0.38 | 0.14–1.02 | 0.053 | 1.28 | 0.30–6.39 | 0.751 |
* Usage of ≥14 days within 12 months before first vaccination. Unable to generate coefficient and 95% CI for “antibiotic use” due to small number of antibiotic users (n = 5). # High abundance was defined as the top 50% (i.e., above the median). Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; DM or pre-DM, diabetes mellitus or pre-diabetes mellitus; PPI, proton pump inhibitors.