Figure 1.

Spread of HFMD disease along communication routes. (a) Main roads and waterways in the Hải Phòng region. Source: Google Maps. (b) Classification of communes according to the temporal distribution of HFMD cases over the 2011–2012 period. Clusters with the same or close colors have a similar distribution of cases over the period of the three epidemic waves (cluster ID is given in each commune). Stars indicate the estimation site of emergence for each wave. Six communes were rejected for having an insufficient number of cases.