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. 2024 Aug 13;11(8):373. doi: 10.3390/vetsci11080373

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Efficacy of mRNA vaccines in goats raised on a natural farm. (A) Timeline of experimental design in adult goats. (B,C) Histograms for body weight (B) and rectal temperature (C) of immunized goats (n = 3 per group). (D–F) Effects of vaccinations on clinical pathology characterized by WBC (D), LYM (E), IMD (F), and GRA (G) on days 0, 21, 28, and 35 (n = 3). (H) BVDV-1 antibody production on day 35, measured using a serum neutralization assay (n = 3 presented as black dots for each group). N.S., not significant.