Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population according to quartiles of the dietary contribution of plant-sourced non-ultra-processed foods, UK Biobank cohort (n = 118,397).
| All participants | Quartile of the dietary contribution of plant-sourced non-ultra-processed foods (mean % of total energy) |
p valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (16.2%) | 2 (25.9%) | 3 (33.6%) | 4 (46.0%) | |||
| mean (SD) or % (n) | ||||||
| Baseline age, years | 55.9 (7.8) | 55.4 (8) | 56.0 (7.9) | 56.2 (7.7) | 56.1 (7.6) | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 57.1 (67,551) | 56.3 (16,671) | 57.6 (17,043) | 57.3 (16,947) | 57.1 (16,890) | 0.021 |
| Ethnicity white | 96.9 (114,725) | 97.7 (28,179) | 97.2 (28,779) | 96.9 (28,684) | 95.8 (28,360) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CVD | ||||||
| No | 45.1 (53,447) | 45.7 (13,519) | 45.0 (13,315) | 44.7 (13,233) | 45.2 (13,380) | 0.205 |
| Yes, mother or father | 42.1 (49,844) | 41.9 (12,404) | 42.1 (12,447) | 42.5 (12,576) | 42.0 (12,417) | |
| Yes, mother and father | 12.8 (15,106) | 12.4 (3677) | 13.0 (3837) | 12.8 (3790) | 12.9 (3802) | |
| Baseline BMI status, kg/m2 | 26.6 (4.6) | 27.5 (5) | 26.7 (4.6) | 26.3 (4.3) | 25.9 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Pre-existing type 2 diabetes | 3.4 (3972) | 4.6 (1360) | 3.4 (1016) | 2.9 (855) | 2.5 (741) | <0.001 |
| Pre-existing high blood pressure | 22.3 (26,428) | 24.2 (7164) | 22.5 (6648) | 21.4 (6340) | 21.2 (6276) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Low | 15.7 (18,580) | 19.3 (5726) | 16.2 (4801) | 14.5 (4281) | 12.7 (3772) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 37.1 (43,914) | 35.3 (10,461) | 38.0 (11,244) | 37.5 (11,111) | 37.5 (11,098) | |
| High | 33.2 (39,289) | 28.7 (8489) | 31.6 (9353) | 34.5 (10,204) | 38.0 (11,243) | |
| Missing | 14.0 (16,614) | 16.6 (4924) | 14.2 (4201) | 13.5 (4003) | 11.8 (3486) | |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never smoked | 58.0 (68,717) | 61.7 (18,258) | 60 (17,770) | 57.7 (17,085) | 52.7 (15,604) | <0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 35.2 (41,616) | 30.7 (9096) | 33.6 (9949) | 36.2 (10,716) | 40.1 (11,855) | |
| Current smoker | 6.8 (8064) | 7.6 (2246) | 6.4 (1880) | 6.1 (1798) | 7.2 (2140) | |
| Index of multiple deprivation | ||||||
| 1st quintile (least deprived) | 19.8 (23,387) | 17.6 (5204) | 20.9 (6181) | 20.7 (6138) | 19.8 (5864) | <0.001 |
| 2nd quintile | 19.5 (23,099) | 17.8 (5261) | 20.0 (5905) | 20.5 (6076) | 19.8 (5857) | |
| 3rd quintile | 19.6 (23,159) | 19.4 (5753) | 19.8 (5856) | 19.8 (5872) | 19.2 (5678) | |
| 4th quintile | 19.4 (22,975) | 20.1 (5956) | 19.3 (5701) | 18.9 (5597) | 19.3 (5721) | |
| 5th quintile (most deprived) | 19.2 (22,768) | 22.7 (6705) | 17.7 (5235) | 17.5 (5169) | 19.1 (5659) | |
| Missing | 2.5 (3009) | 2.4 (721) | 2.4 (721) | 2.5 (747) | 2.8 (820) | |
| Geographical region | ||||||
| London | 20.6 (24,369) | 14.8 (4390) | 18.2 (5375) | 21.5 (6364) | 27.8 (8240) | <0.001 |
| South East | 9.4 (11,091) | 8.7 (2581) | 9.5 (2812) | 9.8 (2892) | 9.5 (2806) | |
| South West | 10.4 (12,322) | 9.8 (2904) | 10.7 (3154) | 10.7 (3168) | 10.5 (3096) | |
| East Midlands | 6.2 (7319) | 7.0 (2070) | 6.5 (1918) | 6.2 (1833) | 5.1 (1498) | |
| West Midlands | 7.9 (9348) | 9.2 (2707) | 8.3 (2445) | 7.6 (2255) | 6.6 (1941) | |
| Yorkshire & the Humber | 15.4 (18,181) | 16.9 (5013) | 15.8 (4675) | 15.0 (4431) | 13.7 (4062) | |
| North East | 9.4 (11,174) | 11.3 (3346) | 9.9 (2938) | 8.9 (2637) | 7.6 (2253) | |
| North West | 12.3 (14,532) | 13.8 (4072) | 12.7 (3748) | 11.8 (3481) | 10.9 (3231) | |
| Wales | 3.1 (3701) | 3.4 (1009) | 3.2 (953) | 3.0 (900) | 2.8 (839) | |
| Scotland | 5.4 (6360) | 5.1 (1508) | 5.3 (1581) | 5.5 (1638) | 5.5 (1633) | |
| Nutrients | ||||||
| Total energy (kcal) | 2034 (538) | 2162 (596) | 2077.5 (531) | 2006 (500) | 1890 (479) | <0.001 |
| Free sugars (% of energy) | 13.5 (6.5) | 15.7 (7.4) | 14.1 (6.3) | 12.8 (5.8) | 11.5 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Saturated fats (% of energy) | 10.9 (3.0) | 12.5 (3.0) | 11.4 (2.8) | 10.6 (2.7) | 9.1 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Fibre (g/1000 kcal) | 12.6 (4.4) | 11.6 (4.4) | 12.2 (4.0) | 12.7 (4.1) | 13.8 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/1000 kcal) | 935 (218) | 1020 (224) | 956 (199.1) | 914 (199) | 850 (212) | <0.001 |
BMI, Body Mass Index.
a
Analysis of variance or χ2 test where appropriate.