Table 2.

Classification, implementation, and limitations of airborne LiDAR systems.

Component	Description	Implementation	Limitations
LiDAR Sensors	Emits laser pulses and measures the time it takes for them to return	Mounted on aircraft (e.g., UAVs and planes)	Limited by battery life and flight duration (especially for UAVs)
Global Positioning System (GPS)	Provides precise location information	Integrated with LiDAR sensor	Signal interference can affect accuracy, especially in dense vegetation
Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)	Measures the rate of acceleration and changes in rotational attributes	Works with GPS to provide accurate positioning data	Sensor drift over time can affect data accuracy
Data Storage	Onboard storage system for capturing LiDAR data	High-capacity storage systems onboard	Storage capacity may limit the amount of data collected during a single flight.
UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)	Aircraft without a human pilot onboard are used for carrying LiDAR sensors	Suitable for small to medium-scale areas	Limited flight time and payload capacity; subject to weather conditions
Manned Aircraft	Airplanes or helicopters piloted by humans are used for carrying LiDAR sensors.	Suitable for large-scale mapping	Higher operational costs and regulatory restrictions