Table 5.
Summary of the use of LiDAR systems for efficient crop management.
| LiDAR Types | LIDAR Sensor | Software System | Algorithm | Model | Crop | Feature | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TLS | RIEGL VZ-1000 | RiSCAN Pro 8.0 | ICPA IDW |
MCSM, DEM | Paddy rice | Crop height | [213] |
| TLS | ILRIS | TerraScan 16.0 Surfer 8 |
ICP | QTM | Shrubs | Biomass detection | [214] |
| TLS | RIEGL VZ-1000 | RiSCAN Pro 8.0 | ICP | CSM, DTM, CHM | Wheat | Canopy hight detection | [215] |
| ALS | VUX-1UAV | TerraScan 16.0 R Studio |
Random forest | CHM, DEM, DSM | Maize, Soybean | Crop heights estimation | [216] |
| ALS | Leica ALS70 | TerraScan 16.0 ENVI 5.6 |
TIN FLASH |
DTM, BEM | Maize | Biomass estimation | [217] |
| ALS | DJI Matrice M300 | CloudCompare 2.11.3 DJI Terra 3.0 Python 3.7 LiDAR 360 |
TransUNet U-Net, FCN PCTA CXHA |
CMM, DSM, DTM |
Broccoli | Canopy and head estimation | [218] |
| TLS | SICK LMS200 |
CloudCompare 2.11.3 MATLAB R2013a R Studio 0.96 |
- | DTM | Sugarcane | Monitoring production | [219] |
| TLS | RigelScan Elite | PCL 1.9.1 | RANSAC PCPA CGA |
- | Legume | Phenotyping | [220] |
| ALS | RIEGL RiCOPTER | CloudCompare 2.10.2 RiPROCESS 4.0, RiPRECISION 4.0 |
3DPI | DTM, DSM, CHM | Potato, Sugar beet, Wheat | Crop height and biomass estimation | [221] |
| TLS | LMS 511, SICK AG |
LabVIEW 2.0 MATLAB 2016b |
PCPA K-means clustering LOWESS |
3DLSM | Sorghum, Maize | Morphological traits detection | [222] |
| TLS | FARO Focus S70 | SCENE 2022 PCL 1.12.0 |
DBSCAN RNN KDTree |
MSM MOSM |
Maize | Segmentation and stratification | [223] |
| TLS | LMS-Z420i | RiSCAN Pro | SDA | CSM, DTM, DSM, | Barley, Sugar beet | Crop heights estimation | [224] |
| ALS | RIEGL VUX-1UAV | LiDAR360 | - | CHM, DEM, DTM, DSM | Maize | Lodged crop height estimation | [225] |
| TLS | Kaarta Stencil 2 | CloudCompare 2.12.4 MATLAB 2022a |
CXHA ASA |
- | Olive | Tree volume estimation | [226] |
| TLS | RIEGL LMS-Q680i | SideLook 1.1.01 R Studio 1.0 |
Mean height | DTM, CMM | Corn | Hail defoliation assessment | [227] |
| TLS | FX6 LIDAR | PCL 1.0 MATLAB R2011a |
RANSAC | CRM | Maize | Plant detection and mapping | [228] |
| TLS | LiDAR Lite V3 | R Studio PCL Arduino IDE 1.8.13 |
- | IWM | Palm | Bunch ripeness prediction | [229] |
| TLS | FARO Focus 3D X120 | FARO SCENE 5.4.4 LiDAR360 |
- | DTM, | Maize | Monitoring phenotypes | [230] |
| TLS | Velodyne VLP-16 | VeloView 3.5 MATLAB |
RANSAC | LBM | - | Plowing furrow recognition | [231] |
| TLS | LiDAR-Lite v3 LMS400 |
CloudCompare Python 2.7 MATLAB 2017a |
PCSA PCAA |
3D point cloud | Canola | Leaf morphology extraction | [232] |
| TLS | TDS-130L 3D |
Point Cloud MeshLab |
RANSAC ICPA |
- | Tomato | Leaf morphology analysis | [233] |
| TLS ALS |
FARO Focus 350 RIEGL VUX-1UAV |
CloudCompare2.11.3 RiProcess 2.8 FARO SCENE POSPAC UAV 5.0 |
- | LADE | Maize | Ear height estimation | [234] |
| ALS | Leica Aibot X6V2 | CloudCompare 2.9.1 MATLAB R2019a |
ASA PCAA |
DTM, DEM |
Apple | Crown Parameters detection | [235] |
| ALS | Leica ALS50-II | FUSION/LDV 3.42 | Tree detection algorithm | DTM, CHM | Olive | Pruning biomass estimation | [236] |
| ALS | LM7800 | CloudCompare, MATLAB, FUSION/LDV |
ASA, k-means algorithms |
DTM, DSM | Walnut | Crown parameters detection | [237] |
| MLS | LMS511 pro | CloudCompare 2.10.2 MATLAB R2021a |
ICPA CHA |
- | Strawberry | Plant vegetative growth | [238] |
| TLS | 3D Velodyne, 2D Sick LMS | PCL 1.11.1 CloudCompare 2.10.2 Pix4D 4.6.0 |
ICPA RANSAC |
KM, DEM | Citrus | Canopy height | [239] |
| TLS | LMS-511 | CloudCompare 2.11.0 MATLAB R2022a |
ICPA | 3D Point Cloud LRM, KNN |
Apple | Tree canopy and fruit quality | [240] |
| TLS | SICK LMS111 | LabVIEW 2020 MATLAB R2020a |
ICPA | CSM, CHM, DSM | Apple | Canopy leaf area | [241] |
| TLS | Sick LMS-111 |
MATLAB R2022a | ASA | - | Peach | Tree canopy estimation | [242] |
| TLS | Sick LMS200 | PCL 1.8.1 MATLAB R2018a |
LRM | - | Apple, Pear, Vineyard | Canopy leaf area | [243] |
| TLS | OMD10M-R2000-B23-V1V1D | Python 3.7 LabVIEW 2019 |
SORA GNBA |
URL, PLSRM |
Banana | Fruit chlorophyll estimation | [244] |
| ALS | Velodyne Puck LITE | PCL CloudCompare 2.11.3 MATLAB R2021a |
ICPA SLAM |
CHM, LAI | Peach | Plant parameter estimation | [245] |
| TLS | Sick LMS 200 |
CloudCompare 2.8.1 R Studio 1.1.x |
ASA CXHA |
- | Orange | Canopy volume estimation | [246] |
| TLS | Sick AG LMS111 | SOPAS ET MATLAB R2016a |
PCA | - | Plants | Plant monitoring | [247] |
| TLS | Optech ILRIS 36D | Polyworks v10 | - | LLSVM | Grapevine | Biomass estimation | [248] |
| MLS, TLS | Backpack DG50 FARO Focuss 350 |
CloudCompare 2.6.1 MATLAB 2016a LiDAR 360 v4.1 |
TreeQSM | QSM | Apple | Tree branch information | [249] |
| MLS | VLP-16 LiDAR | CloudCompare 2.9.1 MATLAB 2016a |
CXHA, CSF ASA VBS ASBS |
DTM | Grapefruit | Canopy parameter estimation | [250] |
| TLS | FARO Focus 3D | CloudCompare MATLAB TreeQSM FARO SCENE v2022.1.0 |
- | QSM | Peach | 3D crown architecture estimation | [251] |
| MLS | Velodyne VLP-16 | VeloView MATLAB 2020a |
RANSAC ASA |
LRM CFPD |
Apple | Canopy density estimation | [252] |
| MLS | Stereo vision | ROS | Skeletonization, CNN | TM | Cherry | Pruning | [253] |
| TLS | FARO Focus S70 |
PCL 1.11.1 Visual Studio 2022 FV-2200 |
DTA LA-DT |
LRM LAEM |
Rapeseed | Leaf estimation | [254] |