Table 1.

Parameter ranges to simulate catchment-scale discharge and surface streamflow presence/absence in reaches. Except for T, all parameters pertain to the dynamic TOPMODEL subroutine and were calibrated using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. $T$ is calibrated during the second phase of model evaluation to estimate the subsurface flow capacity of reaches and thus surface streamflow presence/absence. Optimal values found during model calibration are listed in the final column.

Symbol	Description	Units	Parameter Range
			Minimum	Maximum	Optimum
v.of	Overland flow velocity	m hr−1	10	150	141
srz.max	Maximum root zone storage	m	0.01	0.75	0.44
srz.0	Initial root zone storage	unitless	0.5	1	0.96
v.chan	Channel routing velocity	m hr−1	500	7000	4707
ln(T0)	Lateral saturated transmissivity	m2 hr−1	3	16	16
sd	Maximum effective deficit of saturated zone	m	0.2	0.8	0.63
td	Unsaturated zone time delay	m hr−1	0.01	100	99
n	Manning’s n	unitless	0.01	0.15	0.10
m 1	Exponential decline in conductivity soil type 1	m	5.01E-05	6.10E-02	1.5E-03
m 2	Exponential decline in conductivity soil type 2	m	5.01E-05	6.10E-02	4.22E-04
m 3	Exponential decline in conductivity soil type 3	m	5.01E-05	6.10E-02	4.38E-03
T	Transmissivity of permeable zone throughout the network	m3 hr−1	0.005	10	1.06