Table 1.
Demographic and preoperative characteristics
| Variables (%) | Total cases (n = 38,299) | Laparoscopic (n = 32,521) | Robotic (n = 5,778) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conversion rate | 3476 (9.1%) | 3200 (9.8%) | 276 (4.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Variables (%) | All converted (n = 3,476) | Laparoscopic converted to open (n = 3,200) | Robotic converted to open (n = 276) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (Mean ± SD) | 67.3 ± 12.3 | 67.5 ± 12.3 | 66.0 ± 12.1 | 0.056 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 (Mean ± SD) | 29.9 ± 7.6 | 29.8 ± 7.6 | 30.4 ± 7.2 | 0.228 |
| Sex | 0.458 | |||
| Male | 1840 (52.9%) | 1688 (52.8%) | 152 (55.1%) | |
| Female | 1636 (47.1%) | 1512 (47.3%) | 124 (44.9%) | |
| Race | 0.172 | |||
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 26 (0.7%) | 24 (0.8%) | 2 (0.7%) | |
| Asian | 168 (4.8%) | 157 (4.9%) | 11 (4.0%) | |
| African American | 511 (14.7%) | 484 (15.1%) | 29 (10.5%) | |
| White | 2771 (79.7%) | 2537 (79.3%) | 234 (84.8%) | |
| Smoker | 490 (14.1%) | 450 (14.1%) | 40 (14.5%) | 0.844 |
| Diabetes | 818 (23.5%) | 758 (23.7%) | 60 (21.7%) | 0.464 |
| Dyspnea | 366 (10.5%) | 341 (10.7%) | 9.1% (25) | 0.407 |
| Functional statusa | 92 (2.6%) | 83 (2.6%) | 9 (3.3%) | 0.508 |
| Ventilator dependent | 2 (0.1%) | 2 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.678 |
| COPD | 191 (5.5%) | 176 (5.5%) | 15 (5.4%) | 0.964 |
| Ascites | 16 (0.5%) | 16 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.239 |
| CHF | 34 (1.0%) | 33 (1.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.279 |
| Hypertension | 2126 (61.2%) | 1954 (61.1%) | 172 (62.3%) | 0.681 |
| Renal failure | 4 (0.1%) | 4 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.557 |
| Dialysis | 13 (0.4%) | 13 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.289 |
| Open wound infection | 19 (0.5%) | 19 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.199 |
| Steroid use | 125 (3.6%) | 121 (3.8%) | 4 (1.4%) | 0.046 |
| Weight lossb | 194 (5.6%) | 176 (5.5%) | 18 (6.5%) | 0.478 |
| Transfusionc | 117 (3.4%) | 114 (3.6%) | 3 (1.1%) | 0.029 |
| Pre-operative chemotherapy | 68 (2.0%) | 59 (1.8%) | 9 (3.3%) | 0.103 |
| Clinical T-stage | 0.928 | |||
| T0, Tis | 78 (2.2%) | 71 (2.2%) | 7 (2.5%) | |
| T1-3 | 2567 (73.8%) | 2365 (73.9%) | 202 (73.2%) | |
| T4, T4a-b | 831 (23.9%) | 764 (23.9%) | 67 (24.3%) | |
| ASA Classification | 0.593 | |||
| I | 41 (1.2%) | 36 (1.1%) | 5 (1.8%) | |
| II | 1128 (32.5%) | 1040 (32.5%) | 88 (31.9%) | |
| III | 2307 (66.4%) | 2124 (66.4%) | 183 (66.3%) |
Bolded p-values are < 0.05 and significant
aPartially dependent
b10% body weight in past 6 months
cWithin 72 hours before start of operation