Table 1.

Environmental electromechanical performance of state-of-the-art bioelectronic fiber devices

Reference	Device format and materials	Environmental electromechanical performance (e.g., durability)				Target applications
		Unperturbed	Dry surface contact wear	Wet surface contact wear	Stretch/compress
Lee et al.,33			pressing (on a pressing rig) P = 19.6 kPa, 1,000 times $\frac{\Delta C}{C_0}$ ∼ stable Rubbing (on PU sheet/PU) FN = 5 N, 300 times $\frac{C}{C_0}$ ∼1, $\frac{\Delta C}{C_0}$ drops 9.7%		stretching (nanomesh on an elastomer) ε = 14% 1 cycle $\frac{C}{C_0}$ ∼0.9	on-skin pressure sensor for fingertip in dry and non- sweating conditions
Miyamoto et al.,65			rubbing (finger/plastic) 150 kPa, 20 times no physical damage		finger clenching (finger) 10,000 cycles, $\frac{R}{R_0}$ ∼2.7 stretching (on PU sheet) ε = 25%, 500 cycles $\frac{G}{G_0}$ drops 8%	hand movement, temperature, and pressure sensor wearable biopotential sensor
Zhu et al.,67		100% humidity (back of hand) 20 min for 4 cycles, $\frac{Z}{Z_0}$ ∼1			bending (on artificial skins) r = 52 mm, 1,000 cycles good adhesion	3D printing wireless powered circuits on hand
Kim et al.,66		heat ∼40°C in water 3-h ambient wear (back of hand) motion recognition unaffected ($\frac{R}{R_0}$ not reported)	rubbing (porcine skin/rubber) FN = 0.2 N, 1,500 times. $\frac{R}{R_0}$ ∼1.2	rinsing (hand/running water) 20 s rinse, 4 cycles. $\frac{R}{R_0}$ ∼1.1	stretching ε = 30% 5,000 cycles $\frac{R}{R_0}$ ∼1	strain sensor for hand motion monitoring
Yan et al.,12				machine wash (fiber embroidery fabrics/running water) 10 cycles $\frac{C}{C_0}$ ∼1	bending (fiber on a film) min. r = 1.2 cm 1,000 cycles $\frac{C}{C_0}$ ∼1 twisting (standalone fiber) Max. angle 540°, 1,000 cycles $\frac{C}{C_0}$ ∼1	e-fabrics with sensitive audible microphone function

The test condition is underlined for in situ durability tests.

C, capacitance; F_N, normal force; G, conductivity; R, resistance; PDMS, Polydimethylsiloxane; PE, Polyethylene; PEO, Polyethylene glycol; PU, Polyurethane, PVA – Poly(vinyl alcohol), P(VDF-TrFE) – poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene), r – radius, Z – impedance, ε – normal strain. The fiber electrical property indicators C₀, G₀, R₀, and Z₀ refer to original properties while C, G, R, and Z refer to properties after all wearing test cycles.