Table 1.
Overview of the characteristics of studies included in this scoping review
| Qualitative studies | Quantitative studies | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author, year | Country | Study design | Reference | First author, year | Country | Study design | References |
| Allergology | |||||||
| Moscato 2014 | Italy | Cross-sectional | [77] | ||||
| Cardiology | Cardiology | ||||||
| Frank 2018 | Sweden | Focus groups | [41] | Mirmohammadi 2013 | Iran | Prospective cohort | [100] |
| Dermatology | |||||||
| Keegel 2007 | Australia | Cross-sectional | [97] | ||||
| Skudlik 2008 | Germany | Prospective cohort | [103] | ||||
| Emergency medicine | |||||||
| Rowe 2018 | Canada | Prospective cohort | [99, 102] | ||||
| Hayman 2021 | Canada | Cross-sectional | [69] | ||||
| Jauregui 2020 | USA | Retrospective cohort | [105] | ||||
| Walker 2007 | UK | Cross-sectional | [90] | ||||
| General surgery | |||||||
| Fowler 2019 | Australia and New Zealand | Cross-sectional | [65] | ||||
| Grewal 2014 | UK | Cross-sectional | [86] | ||||
| Gynecology and obstetrics | |||||||
| Clinch 2009 | USA | Prospective cohort | [98] | ||||
| Gustavsson 2013&2016c,e,f,g | Sweden | Cross-sectional | [67, 68] | ||||
| Naidu 2012 | UK | Cross-sectional | [78] | ||||
| Hand surgery | Hand surgery | ||||||
| Newington 2019 | UK | Interviews | [49] | Newington 2018 | UK | Cross-sectional | [79] |
| Ratzon 2006 | Israel | Prospective cohort | [101] | ||||
| Hepatology | |||||||
| Bailey 2019 | USA | Interviews | [34] | ||||
| Neurology | |||||||
| Snöljung 2017 g | Sweden | Cross-sectional | [80] | ||||
| Oncology | Oncology | ||||||
| Bains 2012 | UK | Interviews | [35] | Bränström 2014f | Sweden | Cross-sectional | [62] |
| Dugan 2021 | USA | Open-ended questionnaire | [40] | Braybrooke 2015 | UK, France, Germany | Cross-sectional | [91] |
| Lamort-Bouché 2021 | France | Interviews | [44] | Kirchhoff 2017 | USA | Cross-sectional | [71] |
| MacLennan 2017 | UK | Interviews | [45] | Salit 2020 | USA | Cross-sectional | [88] |
| Main 2005 | USA | Interviews | [46] | Söderman 2021 | Sweden | Cross-sectional | [81] |
| Morrison 2015 | Canada | Interviews | [48] | Takahashi 2018 | Japan | Cross-sectional | [95] |
| Thompson 2013 | Australia | Mixed-methods | [56] | Wada 2012 | Japan | Cross-sectional | [83] |
| Tiedtke 2012 | Belgium | Focus groups | [54] | Zegers 2020 | the Netherlands | Cross-sectional | [96] |
| Orthopedic surgery | Orthopedic surgery | ||||||
| Bardgett 2016 | UK | Interviews | [36] | Arrelöv 2007e | Sweden | Cross-sectional | [59] |
| Coole 2019 | UK | Interviews | [38] | Grevnerts 2018 | Sweden | Cross-sectional | [66] |
| Szekeres 2018 | UK | Interviews and observations | [53] | Jenny 2016 | France | Retrospective cohort | [106] |
| Swartling 2008 | Sweden | Interviews | [52] | Tsang 2020 | UK | Cross-sectional | [82] |
| Watson 2009 | USA | Cross-sectional | [85] | ||||
| Pulmonology | |||||||
| Barber 2007 | UK | Cross-sectional | [60] | ||||
| Holness 2007 | Canada | Cross-sectional | [70] | ||||
| Rehabilitation medicine | Rehabilitation medicine | ||||||
| Holmlund 2021 | Sweden | Focus groups | [42] | Michel 2018 | France | Cross-sectional | [87] |
| Paniccia 2019 | Canada | Interviews | [50] | O’Hagan 2011 | Canada | Cross-sectional | [94] |
| van Velzen 2020 | the Netherlands | Cross-sectional | [89] | ||||
| Rheumatology | Rheumatology | ||||||
| Decuman 2015 | Belgium | Interviews | [39] | de Croon 2005 | the Netherlands | Cross-sectional | [92] |
| Hollick 2020 | UK | Mixed-methods | [55] | Meunier 2016 | France | Cross-sectional | [47] |
| van der Meer 2011 | the Netherlands | Interviews | [108] | Zirkzee 2008 | the Netherlands | Prospective cohort | [104] |
| Studies combining medical specialties | Studies combining medical specialties | ||||||
| Bosma 2020 | the Netherlands | Focus groups | [37] | Alexander 2012 | UK | Cross-sectional | [57] |
| Kosny 2018a | Canada | Interviews | [43, 51] | Allen 2010 | UK | Cross-sectional | [58] |
| Bayliss 2020 | UK | Cross-sectional | [61] | ||||
| Lindholm 2010d,f | Sweden | Cross-sectional | [63, 73, 74] | ||||
| Clayton 2007 | UK | Cross-sectional | [64] | ||||
| Ladak 2021 | Canada | Cross-sectional | [72] | ||||
| Ljungquist 2015 g | Sweden | Cross-sectional | [75] | ||||
| Löfgren 2007e | Sweden | Cross-sectional | [76] | ||||
| Nilsing 2014 | Sweden | Cross-sectional | [93] | ||||
| Steenbeek 2014 | the Netherlands | Prospective longitudinal | [107] | ||||
| Walters 2010 | UK | Cross-sectional | [84] | ||||
UK United Kingdom; USA United States of America
aKosny 2018 and Russel 2019 reported on the same data; bRowe 2018 and Gaudet 2019 reported on the same data; cGustavsson 2013 and Gustavsson 2016 reported on the same data; dLindholm 2010, Bränström 2013, and Ljungquist 2013 reported on the same data; ePart of large Swedish cross-sectional study in 2004; fPart of large Swedish cross-sectional study in 2008; gPart of large Swedish cross-sectional study in 2012