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. 2024 Aug 30;15:7536. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-51936-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A Genetic structures of the upstream and downstream coding regions of the two randomly selected NCLDV dfr genes. DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase, represents the protein product encoded by dfr gene. Function annotations follow the KEGG classification. Genes of viral origin are determined using VOG annotation. B, C Protein structures of the selected DHFRs generated by Phyre2 web platform. D Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to the antibiotic trimethoprim. DHFR (*) and DHFR (**) represent the experimental groups of Escherichia coli DH5α strains carrying recombinant plasmids with two NCLDV dfr genes, respectively (gene sequences shown in Supplementary Data 9 and protein structures shown in B and C, respectively). Control refers to E. coli DH5α strains harboring the pUC19 plasmid without any gene insert. Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviations from eight biological replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file on Github¹⁰⁷.