McHugh 1986.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial. Analysis: unclear if intention to treat. Allocation: randomised to biofeedback or exercises, cross‐over design.
Participants	Setting and country: single centre, Canada. Inclusion criteria: regular and frequent (more than 8 of 28 days) "idiopathic" FI. Exclusion criteria: 93 patients who responded to initial dietary manipulation excluded. Number of participants: 18. 5 of 18 dropped out (all from exercise group) Age: mean 55.2 ± 11.4 years
Interventions	Biofeedback ‐ standardised protocol ‐ 3 sessions over 2 months. No details given. Exercises: Daily voluntary sphincter exercise programme using a home manometer.
Outcomes	Daily diaries of stains, accidents and stools Follow‐up period: 8 months study duration.
Notes	Abstract only. Insufficient data to allow statistical analyses.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No mention
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No mention of blinding
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	5 of 18 dropped out (all from exercise group)