Schwandner 2011.
Methods | Multicentre randomised trial, open parallel group design. | |
Participants | Anal incontinence of Grade 1 or higher, 18% had endosonographically diagnosed sphincter damage | |
Interventions | 80 participants. 1. "Triple target training": amplitude‐modulated middle‐frequency electrical stimulation with current amplitude high enough to achieve perineal contraction plus electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback and EMG‐controlled exercises 39 participants. 2. Standard treatment low frequency electrical stimulation 41 participants. |
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Outcomes | Cleveland clinic score, proportion of patients regaining continence, quality of life | |
Notes | ||
Risk of bias | ||
Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Low risk | Randomisation performed centrally by telephone |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Low risk | Randomisation performed centrally by telephone |
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Blinded observer |