Table 2.

Role of CSC-derived exosomes in cancer progression

Type of cancer stem cells	Functions	References
Lung CSCs	Promote pro-metastatic phenotypes	[116]
Renal CSCs	Induce pro-tumorigenic phenotype in mesenchymal stromal cells	[117]
Glioblastoma stem cells	Promote angiogenesis	[118]
Colorectal CSCs	Promote tumorigenesis and immune-suppressed tumor microenvironment	[119]
Liver CSCs	Promote invasion and angiogenesis	[120]
Pancreatic CSCs	Enhance drug resistance	[121]
Breast CSCs	Promote chemoresistance	[122]
Thyroid CSCs	Promote EMT	[123]
Gastric CSCs	Promote metastasis	[124]
Glioblastoma SCs	Enhance stemness and tumorigenicity of glioma cells	[125]
Brain tumor-initiating cells	Suppress T cell activity	[126]
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma SCs	Facilitate the maintenance of cancer stem-like cell dynamics equilibrium	[127]