Table 1.
Comparison of anthropometric, biochemical, and medical characteristics in the four identified Subphenotypes.
| Parameter | Hyperinsulinemic (n = 115) | Insulinopenic (n = 48) | Classical (n = 41) | Nascent (n = 77) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at onset (years) | 44.3 ± 12.1 | 41.9 ± 9.6 | 39.8 ± 11.2 | 40.9 ± 10.9 | 0.098 |
| Gender: Male | 59 (51.3%) | 29 (60.4%) | 28 (68.3%) | 51 (66.2%) | 0.112 |
| HOMA2 IS | 37.2 (20.6–53.8) | 81.9 (38.2–125.8)a | 37.2 (19.9–54.5)b | 70.8 (40.8–100.8)a, c | < 0.001 |
| HOMA2%B | 108.6 (40.5–176.7) | 34.5 (19.6–49.4)a | 29.8 (12.8–46.8)a, b | 76.4 (44.8–108)a, b, c | < 0.001 |
| HOMA2 IR | 2.7 (1.5–3.8) | 1.2 (0.6–1.8)a | 2.7 (1.4–3.9)b | 1.4 (0.9–1.9)a, c | < 0.001 |
| HbA1C (mmol/mol) | 52.4 (33.8–71) | 66.7 (29.5–104.0)a | 91.8 (42.7–140.9)a, b | 45.9 (28.4–63.4)a, b, c | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 (21.6–36.4) | 23.3 (17.4–29.2)a | 25.6 (17.5–33.7)a, b | 24.4 (20.1–28.6)a | < 0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 6.6 (4.5–8.7) | 9.0 (6.5–11.5)a | 13.2 (8.7–17.7)a, b | 5.9 (4.8–7.0)a, b, c | < 0.001 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 167.5 (114.3–220.7) | 190.0 (117.0 -266.0) a | 201.5 (160.7–242.8)a | 171.0 (115.3–226.7)b, c | < 0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 38.0 (24.0–42.0) | 42.0 (27.6–56.4)a | 39.2 (29.6–48.8) | 43.4 (29.9–56.9)a | 0.013 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 130.5 (43.8–217.2) | 110.0 (37.9–182.1) | 170.5 (21.5–320.3)a, b | 112.2 (49.3–175.1)a, c | < 0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 104.9 (57.2–152.6) | 120.0 (63.0–177.0)a | 131.5 (91.7–171.3)a | 107.0 (58.0–156.0)b, c | < 0.001 |
| On statins | 48 (41.7%) | 16 (33.3%) | 16 (39.0%) | 30 (38.9%) | 0.800 |
| On anti-hypertensive medication | 39 (33.9%) | 9 (18.8%) | 7 (17.1%)a | 12 (15.6%)a | 0.012 |
| On heart medicine | 5 (4.3%) | 3 (6.3%) | - | 1 (1.3%) | 0.243 |
| On OHAs | 68 (59.1%) | 33 (68.8%) | 33 (80.5%)a | 52 (67.5%) | 0.022 |
| On both OHAs & insulin | 6 (5.2%) | 5 (10.4%) | 5 (12.2%) | 5 (6.5%) | |
| Drug Naïve | 41 (35.7%) | 10 (20.8%) | 3 (7.3%)a | 20 (25.9%) | |
| Substance use* | 22 (19.1%) | 12 (25.0%) | 10 (24.4%) | 14 (18.2%) | 0.717 |
| Remission rate | 35 (30.4%) | 17 (35.4%) | 12 (29.2%) | 32 (41.5%) | 0.383 |
Data for all parameters are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or frequency (%); BMI, body mass index; HbA1C, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; OHAs, oral hypoglycemic agents.
*Smoking or alcohol or tobacco or a combination of any two; Kruskal‒Wallis test used to compare difference in mean between more than one group; Significance of difference between categorical variables was tested using Chi-Square test; Mann Whitney U test was used to test significance of the difference in means between 2 groups.
a significantly different from hyperinsulinemic.
b significantly different from insulinopenic; c significantly different from classical.