Table 2.
Comparison of anthropometric, biochemical, and medical characteristics in the three optimal k-value clusters.
| Parameter | SIDD (n = 97) | SIRD (n = 38) | MOD (n = 146) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at onset (years) | 40.4 ± 10.6 | 43.6 ± 12.4 | 43.2 ± 11.3 | 0.179 |
| Gender: Male | 65 (67.0%) | 20 (52.6%) | 82 (56.1%) | 0.158 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 (17.3–31.7) | 31.7 (23.4–40.0)a | 25.9 (18.3–33.5)a, b | < 0.001 |
| HbA1C (mmol/mol) | 84.2 (39.9–128.5) | 43.7 (31.7–55.7)a | 51.4 (35.0–67.8)a, b | < 0.001 |
| HOMA2%B (%) | 33.8 (12.8–54.8) | 170.3 (121.9–218.7)a | 81.8 (44.5–119.1)a, b | < 0.001 |
| HOMA2 IR | 1.8 (0.4–3.2) | 2.8 (1.2–4.4)a | 1.9 (0.9–2.9)b | < 0.001 |
| C peptide (nmol/L) | 0.6 (0.2–1.0) | 1.3 (0.7–1.9)a | 0.8 (0.4–1.2)a, b | < 0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 10.3 (4.8–15.8) | 5.3 (4.1–6.5)a | 6.4 (4.9–7.9)a, b | < 0.001 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 192.0 (138.7–245.3) | 169.1 (118.5–219.7)a | 170.0 (114.6–225.4)a | < 0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 40.0 (28.3–51.7) | 37.8 (24.0–51.6) | 40 (26.8–53.2) | 0.486 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 134.6 (27.1–243.9) | 129.7 (48.6–210.8) | 120.0 (39.9–200.1)a | 0.072 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 124.0 (75.0–173.0) | 104.2 (55.6–152.8)a | 107.0 (58.9–155.1)a | < 0.001 |
| On statins | 34 (35.1%) | 17 (44.7%) | 59 (40.4%) | 0.527 |
| On anti-hypertensive medication | 17 (17.5%) | 18 (47.3%)a | 32 (21.9%)a, b | 0.001 |
| On heart medicine | 2 (2.1%) | 3 (7.8%) | 4 (2.7%) | 0.201 |
| On OHAs | 74 (76.3%) | 23 (60.5%)a | 89 (60.5%)a | < 0.001 |
| On both OHAs & insulin | 12 (12.4%) | 1 (2.6%) | 8 (5.5%) | |
| Drug Naïve | 11 (11.3%) | 14 (36.8%) | 49 (33.6%) | |
| Substance use* | 26 (26.8%) | 8 (15.8%) | 26 (17.8%) | 0.173 |
| Remission rate | 28 (28.9%) | 9 (23.7%) | 59 (40.4%) | 0.061 |
Parameters in bold are used for clustering; data for all parameters are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or frequency (%); BMI, body mass index; HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA2 IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA2%B, homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function (HDL), high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; OHAs, oral hypoglycemic agents.
*Smoking or alcohol or tobacco or a combination of any two; Kruskal‒Wallis test used to compare difference in mean between more than one group; Significance of difference between categorical variables was tested using Chi-Square test; Mann Whitney U test was used to test significance of the difference in means between 2 groups.
a significantly different from SIDD.
b significantly different from SIRD.