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. 2024 Aug 31;21:214. doi: 10.1186/s12974-024-03206-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — LILRB4 deficiency in microglia aggravates cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells accumulation in brain after cerebral ischemia. (A) Flow-gated strategy after isolation of immune cells from brain and spleen 1 day after tMCAO in Control and LILRB4-KO mice. Fluorescent negative control was used. (B) Calculation of macrophages, neutrophil, CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, NK cells, and B cells in the brains of Control, LILRB4-KO mice 1 day after tMCAO. The data show the absolute value of each brain. (n = 8; ***p = 0.0002, *p = 0.0102). (C) Quantification of macrophages, neutrophil, CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, NK cells, and B cells in the spleens of Control, LILRB4-KO mice 1 day after tMCAO. The data show the absolute value of each spleen. (n = 8; **p = 0.0033, *p = 0.0192). (D–G) The expression of CD69 and IFN-γ on CD8⁺ T cells in the brain (D and F) and spleen (E and G) by FACS analysis for 1 day after tMCAO. (n = 5/6; *p = 0.0429, **p = 0.0017, ****p < 0.0001). (H) Representative immunofluorescence staining plots of T lymphocyte (anti-CD3, green; DAPI staining for nuclei, blue) at the infarct border site in Control, LILRB4-KO mice 1 day after tMCAO. Scale bar, 200 μm. (I) Quantification of data in (H). (n = 7; *p = 0.0376, ****p < 0.0001)