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. 2024 Aug 31;12:93. doi: 10.1186/s40364-024-00644-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — mRNA vaccines reshape tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Legend.mRNAvaccine possesses the potential to reshape the tumor immune microenvironment via two primary mechanisms. Firstly, it regulates the equilibrium between M1 and M2 macrophages, thus transforming M2 macrophages into M1 macrophages. Secondly, it induces the secretion of cytokines by various T cells (For example T helper cell). Additionally, the vaccine promotes the maturation of dendritic cells (DC) through Toll-like receptor (TLR) receptors, activates the transcription factor NF kB to stimulate the maturation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and prompts T helper cells to secrete cytokines