Table 4.

Clinical trials of neoantigen mRNA vaccines

Cancer type		NCT number	Drug administration	Phase	Neoantigen	Status	Delivery system	Result
Respiratory system tumors (mainly non-small cell lung cancer)	non-small cell lung cancer	NCT03908671	Personalized mRNA vaccine encoding neoantigen	I	Individual tumour mutations	Not yet recruiting	LPP(liposubcutaneousplex)nanodelivery	Not published
		NCT03948763	mRNA-5671 (KRAS gene driver mutations) + pembrolizumab	I	KRAS gene driver mutations	Recruiting	Lipid nanoparticles	Not published
Skin tumor (mainly melanoma)	melanoma	NCT03897881	mRNA-4157 (personalised cancer vaccine encoding 20 different mutated neoepitopes) + With pembrolizumab	II	20 different mutated neoepitopes	Active,not recruiting	Lipid nanoparticles	Not published
		NCT03480152	(NCI)-4650, a mRNA-based, personalized cancer vaccine	I	Immunogenic T-cell epitopes derived from neoantigens	Terminated	Naked mRNA	Mutation-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses against predicted neoepitopes in three (75%) of four patients.No objective clinical responses [24, 26]
		NCT02035956	An individualised tumour mutation signature with ten selected neoepitopes for each patient	I	Ten selected neoepitopes for each patient	Completed	Naked mRNA	Out of 125 selected new epitopes, 60% can stimulate T cell responses; Good tolerance to vaccination
		NCT03480152	NCI-4650	I/II	Immunogenic neoantigens	Active, not recruiting	LNP	safe with a slight adverse event
		NCT03468244	personalized mRNA tumor vaccine	NA	Individual tumour mutations	Recruiting	LPP	Not published
Urinary system tumor (mainly prostate cancer)	Prostate cancer	NCT03289962	BNT122 (personalised cancer vaccine encoding individual tumour mutations)	I	Individual tumour mutations	Active, not recruiting	RNA-LPX	Good tolerance when used in combination with atezumab; Inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and peripheral T cell responses in most patients [25]
Blood System Cancer(leukemia mainly)	leukemia	NCT03468244	Personalized mRNA vaccine encoding neoantigen	I	Individual tumour mutations	Recruiting	LPP (lipo subcutaneous plex) nanodelivery	Not published
		NCT04486378	BNT122 (personalised cancer vaccine encoding individual tumour mutations)	II	Individual tumour mutations	Recruiting	RNA-LPX	Not published
Digestive System Cancer	Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastases	NCT04161755	BNT122 (personalised cancer vaccine encoding individual tumour mutations) With oxaliplatin, irinotecan, fluorouracil, leucovorin, and atezolizumab	I	Individual tumour mutations	Active, not recruiting	RNA-LPX	Not published
	Esophagus Cancer	NCT03480152	National Cancer Institute (NCI)-4650, a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based, Personalized Cancer Vaccine	I/II	Individual tumour mutations	Terminated	Lipid nanoparticles	It has safety and immunogenicity, with a maximum tested dose of 0.39 mg and no serious side effects observed
	Colorectal Cancer	NCT04534205	BNT122 (personalised cancer vaccine encoding individual tumour mutations)	II	Individual tumour mutations	Recruiting	RNA-LPX	Not published
	Pancreatic cancer	NCT02316457	BNT-114 plus BNT-122 (personalised set of pre-manufactured non-mutated shared tumour-associated antigens plus a personalised cancer vaccine encoding individual tumour mutations)	I	Individual tumour mutations	Active, not recruiting	DC	Not published
	gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, and liver cancer	NCT05192460	neoantigen tumor vaccine	I	individual tumour mutations	Active, not recruiting	Unknown	Not published
	colonic neoplasms and colorectal neoplasms	NCT05456165	GRT-C901/GRTR902	II	Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mutations present peptides	Recruiting	Chimpanzee adenovirus	Ongoing
Other Cancer	TNBC	NCT02316457	IVAC_W_bre1_uID and IVAC_M_uID	I	Tumor-specific mutations	Active, not recruiting	LPX	Ongoing