Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and visual characteristics of the multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy control (HC) participants.
| Characteristics | MS patients | HC participants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL n = 54 |
HDHH n = 20 (37%) |
Non-HDHH n = 34 (63%) |
Total n = 55 |
HDHH n = 6 (11%) |
Non-HDHH n = 49 (89%) |
|
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age in years; mean (SD) | 41.9 (± 11.8) | 39.8 (± 13.4) | 43.2 (± 10.9) | 41.5 (± 13.2) | 49.3 (± 8.7) | 40.6 (± 13.4) |
| Female, n (%) | 39 (72) | 12 (60) | 27 (79) | 35 (64) | 2 (33) | 33 (67) |
| Visual | ||||||
|
HCVA; LogMAR
mean (SD) |
0.07 (± 0.32) | 0.09 (± 0.23) | 0.05 (± 0.36) | -0.04 (± 0.1) | -0.01 (± 0.1) | -0.04 (± 0.1) |
|
LCVA (2.5%); Letter
mean (SD) |
25 (± 14) | 21 (± 14) | 27 (± 13) | 40 (± 8) | 38 (± 9) | 40 (± 8) |
| Clinical | ||||||
| RRMS, n (%) | 36 (67) | 11 (55) | 25 (73) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| SPMS, n (%) | 13 (24) | 7 (35) | 6 (18) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| PPMS, n (%) | 5 (9) | 2 (10) | 3 (9) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Age at symptom onset, year; mean (SD) | 29.5 (± 9.2) | 26.1 (± 8.6) | 32.1 (± 9.4) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
Age at diagnosis,
year; mean (SD) |
32.5 (± 10.6) | 28.6 (± 11.3) | 34.8 (± 9.7) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Disease duration in year; mean (SD) | 11.9 (± 9.3) | 12.5 (± 9.2) | 11.4 (± 9.4) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| EDSS at orthoptic assessment, mean (SD) | 3.4 (± 2.2) | 4.2 (± 2.3) | 3.0 (± 2.1) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| History of ON pat., n (%) | 27 (50) | 10 (50) | 17 (50) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| History of diplopia, n (%) | 30 (55.6) | 16 (80) | 14 (41) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Therapy | ||||||
| None, n (%) | 17 (32) | 6 (30) | 11 (33) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Platform a , n (%) | 12 (23) | 3 (15) | 9 (27) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| High efficacy b , n (%) | 24 (45) | 11 (55) | 13 (40) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
EDSS, expanded disability status scale; ON, optic neuritis; SD, standard deviation; H/LCVA, high/low contrast visual acuity; RR/SP/PPMS, relapsing–remitting/secondary progressive/primary progressive multiple sclerosis, HDHH, high degree of horizontal heterophoria (outside the defined limits for horizontal heterophoria angles); non-HDHH, the part of the cohort inside of the defined limits for horizontal heterophoria.
Platform therapies were defined as Glatirameracetat, Dimethylfumarat, Teriflunomid, Interferon-ß-1b s.c., and Peginterferon.
High-efficacy therapies were defined as Fingolimod, Ocrelizumab, Natalizumab, Alemtuzumab, Rituximab, Mitoxantron, Cladribin, and Azathioprin.