Table 2.
Assessment of the risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist.
| Study | Were the inclusion criteria clearly defined? | Were the subjects and the setting described in detail? | Was the exposure measured in a reliable way? | Were standard criteria used to assess the condition? | Were confounding factors identified? | Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | Were the outcomes measured in a reliable way? | Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Piwowar A et al. [46] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Ukinc K et al. [47] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Dahiya K et al. [48] | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Kaefer M et al. [49] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Ma SG et al. [50] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Turk A et al. [51] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Ma SG et al. [52] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Ma SG et al. [53] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Ma SG et al. [54] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Dayanand CD et al. [55] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Korkmaz GG et al. [56] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Kirboga K et al. [58] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Refaat G et al. [59] | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Erdem SS et al. [57] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Reddy VS et al. [60] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Ahamad A et al. [61] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| D'Souza JMP et al. [62] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Inci A et al. [63] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Miric DJ et al. [64] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Muhtaroğlu S et al. [65] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Ghosh K et al. [66] | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Sadik L et al. [67] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Balamir I et al. [68] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Bhaskhar KU et al. [69] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Sudha K et al. [70] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Yazici MU et al. [71] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Beyazit F et al. [72] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| El-Eshmawy MM et al. [73] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Sushith S et al. [74] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Alay H et al. [75] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Chaudhry SR et al. [76] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Mertoglu C et al. [77] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Ozkan S et al. [78] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Xiang L et al. [79] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Arslan A et al. [80] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Feng F et al. [81] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Kurt HA et al. [82] | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Zainal IG et al. [83] | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Moderate |