Table 3.
Summary of articles reporting on the antihypertensive activity of thymoquinone and Nigella sativa seed extracts
| Experimental model | Dose/ Duration | Route of administration | Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vivo Evidence | ||||
| L-NAME-induced hypertension in rats | TQ: 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg BW for 4 weeks | Oral | Dose-dependent decrease in SBP and creatinine Increased glutathione |
(87) |
| Angiotensin II-induced Hypertension | Single dose TQ: 40 mg/kg BW | Intraperitoneal | Decreased SBP, MAP, and HR | (88) |
| Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension | TQ: 8 mg/kg for 2 weeks | Oral | Decreased pulmonary arterial pressure and right ventricular hypertension | (89) |
| High fructose-induced MetS in rats | TQ: 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg for 6 weeks | Oral | Decreased SBP, TBARS Increased SOD, CAT, and GSH |
(64) |
| L-NAME-induced Hypertension in Sprague-Dawley rats | TQ: 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg for 4 weeks | Oral | Decreased BP and MAP Increased Aldosterone concentration and ACE activity |
(83) |
| Oxonic acid-induced uricaemia in rats | TQ: 10, and 20 mg/kg BW for 12 weeks | Decreased BP Prevented the accumulation of uric acid, increased mitochondrial ATP |
(90) | |
| High fructose-induced MetS in Wistar rats | TQ: 50 mg/kg BW and Sage oil 0.052 m l/kg for 10 weeks | Oral | Decreased BP, BW, BGL, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, and LDL Increased HDL |
(17) |
| L-NAME-induced Hypertension in rats | N. sativa oil 2.5 mg/kg BW/ day for 8 weeks | Oral | Prevented increased SBP Decreased cardiac lipid peroxidation, NADPH, ACE activity, and increased Plasma nitric oxide |
(84) |
| DOCA-salt hypertensive and normotensive rats | TQ: 0.25 and 2 mg/kg BW | Intravenous | Decreased BP and HR with a slight decrease in respiratory rate | (91) |
| Normotensive rats | TQ: 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg BW daily for 28 days | Intraperitoneal | A dose-dependent decrease in BP, HR, and MAP | (85) |
| Clinical Evidence | ||||
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | 2.5 m/L N. sativa oil for 8 weeks | Oral | Decreased SBP, DBP, TC, TG, and LDL Increased HDL |
(76) |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | 2.5 m/L N. sativa oil twice daily for 8 weeks | Oral | Decreased SBP and DBP with no adverse effects | (92) |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in mild hypertensive patients | 100 and 200 mg/kg BW N. Sativa seed extract twice daily for 8 weeks | Oral | A dose-dependent decrease in SBP and DBP Decreased TC and LDL |
(93) |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 123 patients | Two crushed/powdered N. Sativa seed capsules (500 mg each) twice daily for 6 weeks | Oral | Favorable but not statistically significant decreases in BP due to small sample size | (94) |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial pre- and post-test | 250 mg twice daily for 6 weeks of N. sativa seeds as supplements to simvastatin, metformin, enalapril, atenolol, and clopidgrel | Oral | Decreased BP, FBG, and LDL Increased HDL |
(95) |
| Metabolic syndrome patients open-label study with 90 patients | N. sativa seed capsule 500 mg together with amlodipine, atenolol, and atorvastatin for 8 weeks | Oral | Decreased SBP, DBP, and LDL | (86) |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 20 patients | 1000 mg powdered N. sativa twice daily for 50 days | Oral | Decreased SBP and DBP Increased HDL |
(96) |
| Single-blind nonrandomized study | 2 g of N. sativa powder daily for 1 year | Oral | Decreased SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR | (97) |
| Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in elderly patients | 300 mg N. sativa extract twice daily for 28 days | Oral | Slight decreases in SBP and DBP | (98) |
L-NAME: L-Nitro-Arginine Methyl Ester, SBP: Systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, MAP: mean arterial pressure, HR: heart rate, BW:body weight, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, NFκ B: nuclear factor kappa B, PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, α: alpha, γ: gamma, TBARS: thiobarbituric reactive substances, SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, GSH: glutathione peroxidase, BW: body weight, BGL: blood glucose level, FBG: fasting blood glucose, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglycerides, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme, NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, ATP: adenine triphosphate