Table 1.

Nanocarriers for Embelin (EMB) delivery in several diseases

Embelin nanocarriers	Disease	Findings and need	Flaws of nanocarriers	Reference
Liposomes	Depression	-Smaller particle size, increased surface area, and solubility. -Enhanced permeation and biodistribution. -Sustained drug release and enhanced biocompatibility	-Clearance by the immune system, particularly by macrophages -Low drug loading, high cost, and stability challenges
NLCs	Epilepsy	-Sustained release, minimized drug leakage, and brain targeting through nasal route -High drug entrapment and prevent lipid crystallization which leads to a more flexible and disordered lipid structure	-Endosomal escape challenges and short blood circulation time -NLCs can exhibit instability under in vivo conditions
Transfersomes	Skin Cancer	-High potential as a transdermal drug delivery system for the treatment of skin cancer -Transfersomes have enhanced transdermal flux, entrapment, sustained release, and minimized side effects -Transfersomes are highly elastic and ultra deformable	-Higher cost, manufacturing complexity, and limited scalability -Stability concerns during storage and transport
Lipid Nanospheres	Ulcerative colitis	-Narrow polydispersity and highly negative charged particles showing excellent stability -Improved in vivo efficacy and sustained release -Nanospheres provide excellent drug protection and targeted drug delivery	-Chances of potential aggregation, instability issues during storage, and cytotoxicity concerns -Have low drug loading capacity and limited drug release control
Chitosan NPs	Arthritis	-Significantly reduced paw swelling and arthritic score. - Inflammatory markers reduced to normal levels in a dose-dependent manner -Reduced toxicity, increased biodegradability, have positive surface charge, and can be used in oral, nasal, pulmonary, and mucosal drug delivery	-High hydrophilicity, solubility issues at certain pH, chances of potential aggregation, and limited drug encapsulation
PLGA NPs	Hepato-toxicity	-Higher cellular uptake in Hep G2 cells and better biodistribution -Higher stability, improved water solubility, high drug loading capacity, enhanced drug localization in target sites, sustainable drug release, and the ability to optimize drug biodistribution while reducing toxicity	-Challenges in drug penetration and drug loading capacity
Gold NPs	Multidrug resistance bacterial infections	-Reduced the minimal inhibitory concentration and increased antibacterial efficacy by 4 folds showing a synergistic effect -Useful in medical imaging and hyperthermic treatment -Biocompatible, higher stability, targeted administration, and easy modification to include functional groups like targeted antibodies	-Synthesis of Gold NPs can be complex and may involve multiple steps -Gold NPs may raise toxicity concerns, especially related to their potential impact on biological systems and the environment
Silver NPs	Lung cancer	- Smaller size (25 nm) and negatively charged particles indicating higher stability -Considerable dose-dependent suppression of A549 cell line growth - Silver NPs have intrinsic anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities	-AgNPs can migrate from the lungs to other organs such as the liver, kidney, or brain, which may lead to systemic effects and impact the functioning of essential organs -Propensity to create harmful radicals which damage DNA, proteins, and membranes -AgNPs may enter the brain and cause neuronal degeneration and necrosis, affecting brain health and cellular function