Table 2.
Combination nanoformulations of embelin (EMB) with other therapeutic moieties
| Nanoformulation/ Route of administration | Combination drugs/ DOSE | Results/ Superiority | Disease | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLGA–chitosan core–shell NP/ Oral administration | EMB and RPI-1 (indolinone derivative) (1:4.7) | Findings suggest that the substance is biocompatible, exhibits a particular affinity for PC cells, and has the potential to induce cell death and impede metastasis effectively. | Pancreatic cancer | |
| Liposomes (conjugated with transferrin)/ Oral administration | Doxorubicin and EMB | Showed smaller particle size, uniform and spherical morphology, and higher entrapment. Potent inhibition of breast cancer cells. |
Breast cancer | |
| SLNs/ Parenteral administration | Paclitaxel and EMB/ 6 µg per ml (IC50) | Particle size around 300 nm, higher entrapment, and in vitro drug release. Higher cell toxicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line |
Breast cancer | |
| SNEDDs/ Oral administration | EMB (30mg/kg) and Gliclazide (10mg/kg) | Particle size less than 200 nm, low PDI, high entrapment, better release as compared to suspension, and highly negative zeta potential indicating higher stability. They are treating streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. |
Diabetes | |
| pH-sensitive amphiphilic polymeric NPs/ Parenteral administration | EMB (1.33 mg) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand plasmid (pTRAIL) | MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells exhibit enhanced drug uptake compared to MCF-7 non-TNBC cells which have lower CD44 expression. It enhanced cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects. Elevation in ROS levels and suppression of the expressions of proteins associated with apoptosis. |
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) | |
| NLCs/ Intranasal administration | Donepezil hydrochloride and EMB (1:1) | Smaller particle size, i.e., below 200 nm, higher stability, and controlled drug release. Higher drug uptake in N2a cells and better brain targeting using the nasal route. |
Alzheimer’s disease | |
| Chitosan gold NPs | EMB and ciprofloxacin | NPs decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin by 16-fold and 4-fold against multiple drug-resistant strains. Fractional inhibitory concentration confirmed the synergy between the EMB Chitosan gold NPs and Ciprofloxacin. |
Antibiotic resistance | |
| Micelles/ Parenteral administration | Paclitaxel (20 mg/kg) and EMB | Micelles show gradual release of the drug over 5 days. The combination of polyethylene glycol and EMB forms stable micelles in water and effectively encapsulates the hydrophobic drug paclitaxel. |
Breast and prostate cancer | |
| Chitosan NPs/ Intranasal administration | EMB and carbidopa | NPs exhibited sustained release patterns for 10 hr. Gamma scintigraphy imaging in rats demonstrated a significant increase in the amount of EMB with carbidopa-loaded chitosan NPs that reached the brain, resulting in enhanced bioavailability. | Parkinson’s disease |