Table 1.

Pacemaker complications.

Category	Complication	Description
Venous access related complications	Pneumothorax	Occurs when air enters the pleural space, potentially causing lung collapse.
	Hemothorax	Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, which can compress the lung and impair breathing.
	Pulmonary air embolism	Air bubbles enter the bloodstream and block pulmonary arteries, potentially life, threatening.
Lead related complications	Cardiac perforation	The lead punctures the heart wall, potentially causing cardiac tamponade or other serious issues.
	Infection	Infections at the site of the device implantation, which can spread and become systemic.
	Lead dislodgment	Movement of the lead from its original position, potentially causing the device to malfunction.
	Venous thrombosis	Formation of a blood clot within a vein, which can impede blood flow and cause swelling and pain.
	Conduction fracture	Breakage of the lead, which can interrupt the pacing or defibrillation functionality.
	Pacemaker exit block	Failure of the electrical impulse to exit the pacemaker lead, resulting in loss of pacing function.
	Insulation failure	Damage to the lead’s insulation, potentially causing short, circuiting or inappropriate shocks.
	Connection problem	Issues with the connections between the lead and the device, possibly causing malfunction.
Generator failure	Battery depletion	The battery runs out of charge, necessitating replacement to continue device function.
	Device migration	Movement of the device from its original position, which may require repositioning or replacement.
	Electromagnetic interference	Interference from external electronic devices that can alter pacemaker function.
	Trauma	Physical damage to the device or lead from external impacts or accidents.
	Radiation	Exposure to radiation which can alter device function or damage its components.