Table 2.

Types of pacemakers.

Type of CIED	Description	Associated complications
Single chamber pacemaker	Stimulates either the right atrium or right ventricle.	Infection, lead dislodgment, lead fracture, device migration, electromagnetic interference.
Dual chamber pacemaker	Stimulates both the right atrium and right ventricle, allowing for coordinated pacing.	Infection, lead dislodgment, lead fracture, pacemaker syndrome, electromagnetic interference.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs)	Can perform pacing and deliver shocks to correct life, threatening arrhythmias.	Infection, inappropriate shocks, lead fracture, device migration, electromagnetic interference.
Biventricular pacemakers (CRT)	Stimulates the left and right ventricles simultaneously to improve heart efficiency, mainly in heart failure patients.	Infection, lead dislodgment, battery depletion, venous thrombosis, electromagnetic interference.
Leadless pacemakers	Miniaturized pacemakers implanted directly in the heart, no leads required.	Device dislodgment, infection, limited battery life, retrieval issues.
Implantable cardiac monitors	Continuously record the heart’s electrical activity to diagnose arrhythmias, without pacing or defibrillation capabilities.	Infection, device migration, data transmission issues, skin irritation.

CIED, cardiac implantable electronic device; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy.