Fig. 1.

Each tobacco product activates either an antioxidant or a pro-inflammatory response. The responses to next-generation tobacco and nicotine products (NGPs) were generally less pronounced than in cells exposed to traditional cigarettes (3R4F). Moreover, stimulation by conventional cigarettes (3R4F) led to impaired endothelial wound healing and induced a pro-inflammatory phenotype, as opposed to the milder effects observed with NGP treatment. PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, protein kinase B; eNOS (NOS3), endothelial nitric oxide synthase; HMOX1, heme oxygenase 1; NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; ICAM1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2.