Table 1.
Participant Characteristics in the Data Subset, Comparing Nongardeners With Gardeners Prior to Propensity Score Matching
| Variable | All (N=339) | Nongardeners (n=231) | Gardeners (n=108) | Standardized mean differences | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education, n (%) | 0.553 | <0.001 | |||
| High school graduate or less | 205 (60.5) | 157 (68.0) | 48 (44.4) | ||
| Some college | 88 (26.0) | 55 (23.8) | 33 (30.6) | ||
| College graduate or more | 46 (13.6) | 19 (8.2) | 27 (25.0) | ||
| Income, n (%) | 0.422 | 0.005 | |||
| <$10,000 | 116 (34.2) | 90 (39.0) | 26 (24.1) | ||
| $10,001–$20,000 | 109 (32.2) | 76 (32.9) | 33 (30.6) | ||
| $20,001–$30,000 | 54 (15.9) | 34 (14.7) | 20 (18.5) | ||
| ≥$30,001 | 60 (17.7) | 31 (13.4) | 29 (26.9) | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 51.62 (12.87) | 50.48 (12.48) | 54.06 (13.38) | 0.277 | 0.016 |
| Sex, female, n (%) | 259 (76.4) | 175 (75.8) | 84 (77.8) | 0.048 | 0.786 |
| Self-identified race, White, n (%) | 101 (29.8) | 44 (19.0) | 57 (52.8) | 0.751 | <0.001 |
| Cohabit, n (%) | 92 (27.1) | 55 (23.8) | 37 (34.3) | 0.232 | 0.059 |
| People in household, mean (SD) | 2.38 (1.50) | 2.45 (1.54) | 2.23 (1.41) | 0.145 | 0.220 |
| Rent home, n (%) | 207 (61.1) | 164 (71.0) | 43 (39.8) | 0.661 | <0.001 |
| SNAP use, n (%) | 219 (64.6) | 160 (69.3) | 59 (54.6) | 0.305 | 0.012 |
| WIC use, n (%) | 25 (7.4) | 22 (9.5) | 3 (2.8) | 0.284 | 0.046 |
| Other federal financial assistance use, n (%) | 169 (49.9) | 120 (51.9) | 49 (45.5) | 0.132 | 0.312 |
| Employment status, n (%) | 0.347 | 0.037 | |||
| Employed | 131 (38.6) | 84 (36.4) | 47 (43.5) | ||
| Not working | 72 (21.2) | 57 (24.7) | 15 (13.9) | ||
| Retired | 40 (11.8) | 22 (9.5) | 18 (16.7) | ||
| Unable to work | 96 (28.3) | 68 (29.4) | 28 (25.9) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 133 (39.2) | 92 (39.8) | 41 (38.0) | 0.038 | 0.835 |
| CVD, n (%) | 22 (5.6) | 14 (6.1) | 8 (7.4) | 0.054 | 0.816 |
| Diabetes or prediabetes, n (%) | 47 (13.9) | 31 (13.4) | 16 (14.8) | 0.040 | 0.859 |
| Overweight or obese, n (%) | 103 (30.4) | 70 (30.3) | 33 (30.6) | 0.005 | 1.000 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 11 (3.2) | 10 (4.3) | 1 (0.9) | 0.214 | 0.187 |
| Kidney disease, n (%) | 5 (1.5) | 3 (1.3) | 2 (1.9) | 0.044 | 1.000 |
| Your neighborhood is the kind of place you'd like to live, n (%) | 0.392 | 0.016 | |||
| Strongly agree | 103 (30.4) | 63 (27.3) | 40 (37.0) | ||
| Tend to agree | 127 (37.5) | 81 (35.1) | 46 (42.6) | ||
| Tend to disagree | 52 (15.3) | 41 (17.7) | 11 (10.2) | ||
| Strongly disagree | 57 (16.8) | 46 (19.9) | 11 (10.2) | ||
| Mode of transport for food shopping, n (%) | 0.416 | 0.011 | |||
| Family or friend drive | 92 (27.1) | 70 (30.3) | 22 (20.4) | ||
| Personal vehicle | 188 (55.5) | 116 (50.2) | 72 (66.7) | ||
| Public transit or Uber/taxi | 21 (6.2) | 19 (8.2) | 2 (1.9) | ||
| Walk or bike | 38 (11.2) | 26 (11.3) | 12 (11.1) | ||
| During the summer and fall seasons, how often do you buy food at a farmer's market or produce stand? n (%) | 0.286 | 0.207 | |||
| Weekly or more | 47 (13.9) | 28 (12.1) | 19 (17.6) | ||
| Every 2 weeks | 39 (11.5) | 25 (10.8) | 14 (13.0) | ||
| Monthly | 62 (18.3) | 43 (18.6) | 19 (17.6) | ||
| Few times a year | 66 (19.5) | 41 (17.7) | 25 (23.1) | ||
| Never | 125 (36.9) | 94 (40.7) | 31 (28.7) | ||
| Diet restrictions, n (%) | 0.239 | 0.117 | |||
| Food allergies | 79 (23.3) | 53 (22.9) | 26 (24.1) | ||
| None | 184 (54.3) | 133 (57.6) | 51 (47.2) | ||
| Other | 76 (22.4) | 45 (19.5) | 31 (28.7) | ||
| A large selection of fruits and vegetables is available in your neighborhood, n (%) | 0.226 | 0.260 | |||
| Strongly agree | 132 (38.9) | 93 (40.3) | 39 (36.1) | ||
| Tend to agree | 133 (39.2) | 67 (29.0) | 28 (25.9) | ||
| Tend to disagree | 67 (19.8) | 28 (12.1) | 22 (20.4) | ||
| Strongly disagree | 48 (14.2) | 43 (18.6) | 19 (17.6) | ||
| The fresh fruits and vegetables in your neighborhood are of high quality, n (%) | 0.199 | 0.388 | |||
| Strongly agree | 91 (26.8) | 62 (26.8) | 29 (26.9) | ||
| Tend to agree | 95 (28.0) | 95 (41.1) | 38 (35.2) | ||
| Tend to disagree | 50 (14.7) | 40 (17.3) | 27 (25.0) | ||
| Strongly disagree | 62 (18.3) | 34 (14.7) | 14 (13.0) | ||
| I think that fresh and healthy foods are expensive, n (%) | 0.058 | 0.886 | |||
| Strongly agree | 152 (44.8) | 103 (44.6) | 49 (45.4) | ||
| Tend to agree | 103 (30.4) | 69 (29.9) | 34 (31.5) | ||
| Tend to disagree | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Strongly disagree | 84 (24.8) | 59 (25.5) | 25 (23.1) | ||
| I am a healthy eater, n (%) | 0.199 | 0.242 | |||
| Strongly agree | 112 (33.0) | 76 (32.9) | 36 (33.3) | ||
| Tend to agree | 133 (39.2) | 85 (36.8) | 48 (44.4) | ||
| Tend to disagree | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Strongly disagree | 94 (27.7) | 70 (30.3) | 24 (22.2) | ||
| How often do you make conscious efforts to try and eat a fresh and healthy diet? n (%) | 0.428 | 0.002 | |||
| Most of the time | 110 (32.4) | 63 (27.3) | 47 (43.5) | ||
| Quite often | 113 (33.3) | 76 (32.9) | 37 (34.3) | ||
| Never to now and again | 116 (34.2) | 92 (39.8) | 24 (22.2) |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.