Table 2. Primary and secondary outcomes.
| Construct | Specific measure | Type; range | Source | Timing |
| Primary study outcome | ||||
| Family-reported Quality of Communication (QOC) | The QOC questionnaire, including 6-item general communication subscale and 7-item EOL communication subscale (20 items) | Continuous; 0–10 | Family member survey | 5–7 days after admission |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| Family-reported General QOC | The general communication subscale or the QOC questionnaire (6 items) | Continuous; 0–10 | Family member survey | 5–7 days after admission |
| Family-reported End-of-Life (EOL) QOC | The EOL communication subscale or the QOC questionnaire (7 items) | Continuous; 0–10 | Family member survey | 5–7 days after admission |
| Receipt of Goal Concordant Care (GCC) | The GCC survey 2 items: (1) preferences for care and (2) current receipt of care consistent with preferences | Binary; 1/0 | Family member survey | 5–7 days after admission |
| Moral Distress (MMD-HP) | MMD-HP measures the frequency and level of distress of clinician experiences, targeting situations specifically related to serious illness communication. (27 items) | Continuous;0–432 | Clinician survey | T0 and T1* |
| Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) | Emotional Exhaustion (EE) subscale of MBI for Medical Personnel (22 items total, 9 items on subscale) | Continuous; EE: 0–54 | Clinician survey | T0 and T1 |
| Depersonalisation (DP) subscale of MBI for Medical Personnel (22 items total, 5 items on subscale) | Continuous; DP: 0–30 | Clinician survey | T0 and T1 | |
| Personal Accomplishment (PA) subscale of MBI for Medical Personnel (22 items total, 8 items on subscale) | Continuous; PA: 0–48 | Clinician survey | T0 and T1 | |
| ICU length of stay | Total time measured in days patient spent receiving ICU care during admission for traumatic injury (not necessarily concurrent) | Continuous (log-transformed) | TQIP chart review | During hospitalisation |
| Total ventilator days | Total time measured in days patient spent on a ventilator during admission for traumatic injury | Continuous | TQIP chart review | During hospitalisation |
| Death | In-hospital patient death | Time to event | TQIP chart review | During Hospitalisation |
| Patient 6-month mortality | Binary; 1/0 | TQIP chart review | 6 months | |
| Withdrawal of life- supporting treatment | Time between admission and withdrawal of life-supporting treatment at the EOL | Time to event | TQIP chart review | During hospitalisation |
| Practitioner opinion survey | Trauma surgeon’s impressions of the communication tool (12 items) | Ordinal; 5-point Likert scale | Surgeon | On studyCompletion |
*
T0= 3 months before implementation, T1: 1 year after T0.
ICUintensive care unit TQIPTrauma Quality Improvement Program